-
摘要:
基于飞机在湿滑跑道着陆时轮胎-水膜-道面相互作用流体力学平衡,得到道面积水水膜厚度、飞机行驶速度和轮胎花纹沟槽深度为动水压强的主要影响因素。以波音737-800的主轮胎为主要研究对象,建立轮胎-水膜-道面相互作用三维模型,基于Fluent软件建立三者相互作用有限元分析模型,采用流体体积函数(VOF)法获得轮胎迎水面水流分布情况和平均动水压强,利用上述有限元模型对动水压强影响因素进行规律性分析,得出动水压强的显著影响因素为道面积水水膜厚度和飞机行驶速度,动水压强与水膜厚度及行驶速度呈正相关,水膜厚度大于3 mm时水膜产生的动水压强增长较快,等于12 mm时动水压强达到并超过胎压(1.47 MPa),存在滑水风险。行驶速度小于100 km/h时,动水压强值小于胎压,不存在滑水风险。基于上述分析结果建立动水压强与水膜厚度、行驶速度和轮胎花纹沟槽深度之间的相关关系式,考虑着陆升力的影响,获得不同降雨条件下波音737-800临界滑水速度及着陆距离延长值,为飞机着陆安全行驶提供重要理论依据。
Abstract:Based on hydrodynamic equilibrium equations of aircraft tire-water film-wet pavement interaction during the aircraft landing on the wet pavement, main influence factors of hydrodynamic pressures in tire-water film interaction were obtained. They are water film thickness, aircraft's taxiing speed and tire tread depth. On the basis of this result, three-dimensional solid model of tire-water film-pavement was established, in which the main tire of Boeing 737-800 was taken as the research object here. Then the finite element analysis model was established based on Fluent software. The water distribution and average hydrodynamic pressures on water attaining surface of the tire were obtained by volume of fluid (VOF) method and three main influence factors of hydrodynamic pressure were analyzed by above finite element model. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. Water film thickness and taxiing speed of aircraft are two outstanding influence factors of hydrodynamic pressure and the hydrodynamic pressure linearly increases with the increase of water film and aircraft's taxiing speed. The hydrodynamic pressure increases faster at a water film thickness above 3mm, and at the water film thickness of 12 mm, the hydrodynamic pressure reaches and exceeds the tire pressure (1.47 MPa), which leads to hydroplaning of the aircraft's tire.When the taxiing velocity is less than 100 km/h, the hydrodynamic pressure is less than the tire pressure which means no hydroplaning risk for the aircraft. Based on the above analysis results, relational expression between the hydrodynamic pressure and water film thickness, aircraft's taxiing speed and tire tread depth was established. Considering the lift force during landing, the critical hydroplaning speeds and the length increment of landing distance of Boeing 737-800 were obtained under different rainfall conditions to provide important theoretical foundations for landing and safe taxiing of the aircraft.
-
Key words:
- wet pavement /
- aircraft tire /
- hydrodynamic pressure /
- critical hydroplaning speed /
- landing distance
-
表 1 H44.5 16.5-21轮胎构造参数
Table 1. H44.5 16.5-21 tire formation parameters
参数 数值 胎冠宽/mm 319 胎面宽/mm 399 内径/mm 1 105 外径/mm 1 130 沟槽数量/条 4 沟槽宽度/mm 10 沟槽深度/mm 8 表 2 Fluent模型参数
Table 2. Fluent model parameters
参数 数值 空气密度/(kg·m-3) 1.23 水密度/(kg·m-3) 1 000 空气动力黏度/(10-5kg·(m·s)-1) 1.79 水动力黏度/(10-3kg·(m·s)-1) 1.0 温度/℃ 25 轮胎胎压/MPa 1.47 单轮轴载/kN 152 轮胎接地长度/mm 465 轮胎接地宽度/mm 410 轮胎竖向变形量/mm 50 表 3 不同降雨等级下水膜厚度
Table 3. Water film thickness at different rainfall intensities mm
降雨等级 小雨 中雨 大雨 暴雨 大暴雨 水膜厚度 1 2 3 7 13 表 4 不同降雨等级下临界滑水速度
Table 4. Critical hydroplaning velocity at different rainfall intensities
降雨等级 临界滑水速度/(km·h-1) 中度磨损轮胎 新轮胎 小雨 229 232 中雨 223 226 大雨 217 221 暴雨 211 218 大暴雨 209 210 表 5 不同着陆速度条件下飞机的着陆距离延长值
Table 5. Length increment of aircraft braking distance at different landing velocities
降雨等级 着陆距离延长值/m 新轮胎着陆速度/(km·h-1) 中度磨损轮胎着陆速度/(km·h-1) 240 235 230 240 235 230 小雨 159 138 167 147 130 中雨 176 156 138 185 165 148 大雨 190 171 152 202 182 165 暴雨 199 179 161 218 198 182 大暴雨 221 201 183 224 204 187 -
[1] 李少波, 张宏超, 孙立军.动水压力的形成与模拟测量[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 35(7):915-918.LI S B, ZHANG H C, SUN L J.Development and simulation measurement of dynamic hydraulic pressure[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science), 2007, 35(7):915-918(in Chinese). [2] 余治国, 李曙林, 朱青云.机轮动力滑水机理分析[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 17(5):9-11. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/90154A/200405/10542053.htmlYU Z G, LI S L, ZHU Q Y.Tire dynamic water skiing mechanism analysis[J].Journal of the Air Force Engineering University(Natural Science Edition), 2004, 17(5):9-11(in Chinese). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/90154A/200405/10542053.html [3] 季天剑, 黄晓明, 刘清泉.部分滑水对路面附着系数的影响[J].交通运输工程学报[J].2003, 3(4):10-12. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4608926JI T J, HUANG X M, LIU Q Q.Part hydroplaning effect on pavement friction coefficient[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2003, 3(4):10-12(in Chinese). http://www.oalib.com/paper/4608926 [4] 周海超. 花纹结构对轮胎花纹沟噪声和滑水性能影响规律及协同提升方法研究[D]. 镇江: 江苏大学, 2013: 32-35.ZHOU H C.Investigate into Influence of tire tread pattern on noise and hydroplaning and synchronously improving methods[D].Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University, 2013:32-35(in Chinese). [5] 董斌, 唐伯明, 刘唐志, 等.基于Fluent软件的雨天潮湿路面滑水现象研究[J].武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版), 2011, 35(4):710-713.DONG B, TANG B M, LIU T Z, et al.Hydroplaning research of wet highway pavement based on Fluent[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Transportation Science & Engineering), 2011, 35(4):710-713(in Chinese). [6] 王国林, 金梁.轮胎滑水的CFD计算方法研究[J].计算力学学报, 2012, 29(4):594-598. doi: 10.7511/jslx201204021WANG G L, JIN L.Study on computational methods of tire hydroplaning using CFD[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2012, 29(4):594-598(in Chinese). doi: 10.7511/jslx201204021 [7] GILBERT A W, ROBERT E I.A systematic experimental analysis of significant parameters affecting model tire hydroplaning:NASA-CR-132346[R].Washington, D.C.:NASA, 1973. [8] KUMAR S S, ANUPAM K, SCARPAS T, et al.Study of hydroplaning risk on rolling and sliding passenger car[J].Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012, 53(2290):1019-1027. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812044138 [9] CHO J R, LEE H W, SOHN J S, et al.Numerical investigation of hydroplaning characteristics of three-dimensional patterned tire[J].European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 2006, 25(6):914-926. doi: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2006.02.007 [10] WANG Y S, WU J, SU B L.Analysis on the hydroplaning of aircraft tire[J].Advanced Materials Research, 2010, 87-88:1-6. https://www.scientific.net/AMR.87-88.1 [11] HORNE W B, DREHER R C.Phenomena of pneumatic tire hydroplaning:NASA-TN-D-2056[R].Washington, D.C.:NASA, 1963:3-13. [12] VAN ES G W H.Hydroplaning of modern aircraft tires:NLR-TP-2001-242[R].Amsterdam:Netherlands Aerospace Center, 1999. [13] ONG G P, FWA T F.Transverse pavement grooving against hydroplaning and simulation model[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2006, 132(6):441-448. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:6(441) [14] ONG G P, FWA T F.Prediction of wet-pavement skid resistance and hydroplaning potential[J].Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2005(1):160-171. doi: 10.3141/2005-17 [15] 刘哲义.对影响轮胎与路面间附着性能因素的分析[J].公路, 2000, 16(6):48-51. http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/a294c3375a8102d276a22ff3-2.htmlLIU Z Y.The impact factors of between tire and road surface adhesion performance analysis[J].Highway, 2000, 16(6):48-51(in Chinese). http://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/a294c3375a8102d276a22ff3-2.html [16] 中国民用航空局飞行标准司. 航空承运人湿跑道和污染跑道运行管理规定: AC-121-FS-2009-33[S]. 北京: 中国民用航空局, 2009: 1-8.Flight Standards Department of Civil Aviation Administration of China.Wet the runway and pollution rules of operation and management with carrier in civil aviation:AC-121-FS-2009-33[S].Beijing:Civil Aviation Administration of China, 2009:1-8(in Chinese). [17] 周维锋. 基于计算流体力学(CFD)水压力计算的数值模拟[D]. 重庆: 重庆交通大学, 2012: 41-48. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y2104279ZHOU W F.Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) water pressure calculation of numerical simulation[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University Institute, 2012:41-48(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y2104279 [18] 蔡靖, 王永繁, 李岳.基于轮组效应湿滑跑道飞机轮胎-水膜-相互作用研究[J].科学技术与工程, 2015, 15(11):116-124. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2015.11.020CAI J, WANG Y F, LI Y.Research on aircraft tyres-water film interaction on the wet pavement based on wheel set of aircrafts[J].Science Technology and Engineering, 2015, 15(11):116-124(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2015.11.020 [19] 中国民用航空局. 民用机场飞行区技术标准: MH 5001-2013[S]. 北京: 中国民用航空局, 2013: 17-18.Civil Aviation Administration of China.Technical standards for airfield area of civil airports:MH5001-2013[S].Beijing:Civil Aviation Administration of China, 2013:17-18(in Chinese). [20] 季天剑. 降雨对轮胎和路面附着系数的影响[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2004: 5-6. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y693759JI T J.Study on rain effect on tire-pavement friction coefficient[D].Nanjing:Southeast University, 2004:5-6(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y693759