-
摘要:
为了测量和评估航天员在轨维修的工作负荷,在时间线分析法和多资源占用理论的基础上,确定了用间接获取的资源需求占用率、直接测量的占用时间2个维度来进行工作负荷主客观综合评估,并提出基于动态时间窗口的时间-多资源占用的工作负荷评估模型。为了验证模型的有效性,搭建典型在轨维修任务——液体回路子系统的维修试验环境,招募被试,获取主观工作负荷数据,进行维修视频采集和动素时间测定。结果表明,本文模型的工作负荷值与主观工作负荷评估值显著相关且吻合较好,验证了其有效性。
Abstract:To measure and evaluate the astronauts' workload of on-orbit maintenance, based on timeline analysis and multi-resource theory, the subjective and objective comprehensive evaluation of the workload was carried out by using two dimensions of "indirect acquisition value of the resource demand occupancy rate" and "direct measurement value of the occupied time". A workload evaluation model based on dynamic time scene and time resource occupancy was put forward. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, the maintenance experiment of the liquid circuit subsystem, as a typical on-orbit maintenance task, was established. Testees were recruited to obtain the subjective workload questionnaires, maintenance videos were acquired, and the occupation time of therbligs was measured. The results reveal that the workload values of the proposed model have good agreement and significant correlation with subjective workload evaluation values. Hence the effectiveness of the workload evaluation model is validated.
-
Key words:
- on-orbit maintenance /
- multi-resource theory /
- timeline analysis /
- workload /
- evaluation model
-
通道 评分 描述 视觉(Visual) 0 不存在视觉 1 视觉检测 3.7 视觉辨别 4.0 视觉检查、核对 5.0 视觉对齐、定位 5.4 视觉追踪、跟随 5.9 视觉阅读 7 视觉扫描、搜索、监控 听觉(Auditory) 0 不存在听觉 1 听觉检测 2 确定声音的方向 4.2 确定声音的方位 4.3 验证听觉的反馈 4.9 解释语义的内容 6.6 分辨声音的特点 7 解释声音的模式 认知(Cognitive) 0 不存在认知 1 没有意识的行为 1.2 选择 3.7 符号、信号的识别 4.6 评估与判断(只考虑单方面) 5.3 编码、解码、回忆 6.8 评估与判断(综合考虑多方面) 7 评估、计算、换算 运动(Psychomotor) 0 不存在运动 1 说话 2.2 离散的行为(按按钮、开关等) 2.6 连续调整 4.6 手动操纵 5.8 离散的调节(转动旋钮、调整等) 6.5 符号产生(书写) 7 序列离散的手动操纵(键盘输入) 表 2 VACP评定值与等级的映射关系
Table 2. Mapping relationship between VACPevaluation values and ranks
等级 无 低 中 高 赋值 0 0.42 0.83 1.25 评定值 0 1~3 3~5 5~7 表 3 OWL/TMR/TAWL/时间线分析结果
Table 3. Results of OWL/TMR/TAWL/timeline-analysis
时间/s 工作负荷 OWL TMR模型 TAWL模型 时间线分析模型 0 24.17 7.65 9.60 10.07 300 62.50 109.36 141.13 97.98 600 85.83 117.45 109.67 106.35 900 82.92 111.11 185.00 101.62 1 200 81.25 124.39 98.47 95.95 1 500 59.58 36.84 69.07 86.48 1 730 92.50 80.14 118.43 65.51 表 4 整体工作负荷与各个通道工作负荷的相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation analysis between total workload and workload of each channel
多通道 W与V W与A W与C W与P 相关性 0.89 0.179 0.98 0.91 表 5 各个通道工作负荷之间的相关性分析
Table 5. Correlation analysis between workload of each channel
多通道 V与A V与C V与P A与C A与P C与P 相关性 0.24 0.93 0.63 0.07 0.08 0.85 -
[1] 陈善广, 陈金盾, 姜国华, 等.我国载人航天成就与空间站建设[J].航天医学与医学工程, 2012, 25(6):391-396. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/htyxyyxgc201206001CHEN S G, CHEN J D, JIANG G H, et al.Achievements of manned space program and construction of space station in China[J].Space Medicine & Medical Engineering, 2012, 25(6):391-396(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/htyxyyxgc201206001 [2] 陈善广, 姜国华, 王春慧.航天人因工程研究进展[J].载人航天, 2015, 21(2):95-105. http://www.docin.com/p-1244043777.htmlCHEN S G, JIANG G H, WANG C H.Advancement in space human factors engineering[J].Manned Spaceflight, 2015, 21(2):95-105(in Chinese). http://www.docin.com/p-1244043777.html [3] 陈善广, 王春慧, 陈晓萍, 等.长期空间飞行中人的作业能力变化特性研究[J].航天医学与医学工程, 2015, 28(1):1-10. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/htyxyyxgc201501001CHEN S G, WANG C H, CHEN X P, et al.Study on changes of human performance capabilities in long-duration spaceflight[J].Space Medicine & Medical Engineering, 2015, 28(1):1-10(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/htyxyyxgc201501001 [4] 周前祥.舱外活动航天员工作负荷评价方法的研究进展[J].载人航天, 2007(1):8-12. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/70729X/200701/1001903996.htmlZHOU Q X.Research progress on evaluation method of aerial worker's workload[J].Manned Spaceflight, 2007(1):8-12(in Chinese). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/70729X/200701/1001903996.html [5] 王雅, 吴瑞林, 周荣刚.从个体心理到人际互动——航天任务中的心理学问题[J].心理科学进展, 2014, 22(8):1338-1349. http://www.oalib.com/paper/4919829WANG Y, WU R L, ZHOU R H.Psychological issues in human spaceflight:From individual psychology to human interactions[J].Advances in Psychological Science, 2014, 22(8):1338-1349(in Chinese). http://www.oalib.com/paper/4919829 [6] 王大鹏, 谭春林, 张柏楠.载人航天器在轨维修性系统设计[J].中国空间科学技术, 2010, 30(5):16-21. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/95065X/201005/35744443.htmlWANG D P, TAN C L, ZHANG B N.On-orbit maintainability system design for manned spacecraft[J].Chinese Space Science and Technology, 2010, 30(5):16-21(in Chinese). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/95065X/201005/35744443.html [7] 赵志群.典型工作任务分析与学习任务设计[J].职教论坛, 2008(12):1. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/88569A/201401/48849087.htmlZHAO Z Q.Typical task assignment and learning task design[J].Vocational & Technical Education Forum, 2008(12):1(in Chinese). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/88569A/201401/48849087.html [8] HACKOS J A T, REDISH J C.User and task analysis for interface design[J].IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 1999, 42(3):188-189. doi: 10.1109/TPC.1999.784573 [9] MILLER K M.Timeline analysis program (TLA-1), final report:NASA-CR-144942[R].Hampton:National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1976. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760018939 [10] MCCRACKEN J H, ALDRICH T B.Analysis of selected LHX mission functions:Implications for operator workload and system automation goals:TNAASI 479-24-84[R].Fort Rucker:Anacapa Sciences, 1984:10. [11] WICKENS C D, YEH Y Y.The dissociation between subjective workload and performance:A multiple resource approach[C]//Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting.Los Angeles:SAGE Publications, 1983, 27(3):244-248. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/23844481_The_dissociation_between_subjective_workload_and_performance_A_multiple_resource_approach [12] HAMILTON D B, BIERBAUM C R.Task analysis/workload (TAWL):A methodology for predicting operator workload[C]//Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting.Los Angeles:SAGE Publications, 1990, 34(16):1117-1121. http://pro.sagepub.com/content/34/16/1117.short?cited-by=yes&legid=sppro;34/16/1117 [13] MORAY N.Mental workload:Its theory and measurement[M].New York:Plenum Press, 1979:4. [14] KOHLMORGEN J, DORNHEGE G, BRAUN M, et al.Improving human performance in a real operating environment through real-time mental workload detection[J].Toward Brain-Computer Interfacing, 2007:409-422. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/203918018_Improving_human... [15] WICKENS C D.Multiple resources and mental workload[J].Human Factors:The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 2008, 50(3):449-455. doi: 10.1518/001872008X288394 [16] 王庄. 任务复杂度和时间压力对计算机化规程操作绩效的影响[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2012. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10003-1013017033.htmWANG Z.Effects of task complexity and time pressure on operation performance of computerized procedures[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University, 2012(in Chinese). http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10003-1013017033.htm [17] YEE S, NGUYEN L, GREEN P, et al.Visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor demands of real in-vehicle tasks:UMTRI-2006-20[R].Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2006:40-45. [18] XIE B, SALVENDY G.Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single-and multi-task environments[J].Work & Stress, 2000, 14(1):74-99. doi: 10.1080/026783700417249 [19] HANKINS T C, WILSON G F.A comparison of heart rate, eye activity, EEG and subjective measures of pilot mental workload during flight[J].Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1998, 69(4):360-367. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13719719_A_comparison_of... [20] RECARTE M A, NUNES L M.Mental workload while driving:Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied, 2003, 9(2):119-137. doi: 10.1037/1076-898X.9.2.119 [21] SOBELL L C, SOBELL M B, LEO G I, et al.Reliability of a timeline method:Assessing normal drinkers'reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations[J].British Journal of Addiction, 1988, 83(4):393-402. doi: 10.1111/add.1988.83.issue-4 [22] JUNG H S, JUNG H S.Establishment of overall workload assessment technique for various tasks and workplaces[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2001, 28(6):341-353. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8141(01)00040-3 [23] 孙林岩.人因工程[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社, 2001.SUN L Y.Human factors engineering[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press, 2001(in Chinese). [24] 张嬿. 基于任务分析的地铁行车调度工作负荷研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2010. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y1780633ZHANG Y.Research on subway dispatcher's workload based on task analysis[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University, 2010(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y1780633 [25] 李金波, 许百华, 田学红.人机交互中认知负荷变化预测模型的构建[J].心理学报, 2010, 42(5):559-568. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/xlxb201005003LI J B, XU B H, TIAN X H.Construction of prediction models of cognitive load in human-machine interaction process[J].Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2010, 42(5):559-568(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/xlxb201005003 [26] 袁科伟. 情感计算在可用性测试中应用的研究[D]. 北京: 北京邮电大学, 2009. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y1567895YUAN K W.Research of affective computing used in usability testing[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2009(in Chinese). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Thesis/Y1567895