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摘要:
基于GaBi软件建立了压缩天然气（CNG）/汽油两用燃料汽车全生命周期评价模型，利用该模型分析了两用燃料汽车从原材料获取到报废回收各阶段的能耗和排放，以及全生命周期能耗和排放对CNG-汽油使用里程比、整车总使用里程和电力结构的敏感性。研究结果表明：全生命周期内，使用阶段能耗和污染物排放最多，占全生命周期的50%以上；主要污染物为CO、NO
x 和SO2等；CNG/汽油两用燃料汽车在成本较低的情况下可有效降低环境影响，但发展CNG专用汽车则对节能减排更为有利；实施报废汽车回收利用、增大CNG使用里程比、提高利用可再生能源发电的比例可有效降低全生命周期的能耗和排放。-
关键词:
- 压缩天然气(CNG) /
- 两用燃料汽车 /
- 生命周期评价 /
- 节能减排 /
- 环境影响
Abstract:A full life cycle evaluation model of compressed natural gas (CNG)/gasoline bi-fuel passenger vehicle has been established based on GaBi software, which is adopted to analyze the energy consumption and emission of the bi-fuel vehicle from the raw material acquirement phase to the scrap recycling phase, and the sensitivity of the energy consumption and emission in full life cycle towards the using mileage ratio of the CNG-gasoline, total mileage and electric power structure. The results indicate that, in the full life cycle, the energy consumption and pollutant emission in the using stage are the most, taking up more than 50% of the full life cycle; major pollutants are CO, NO
x , SO2, etc.; the CNG/gasoline bi-fuel vehicle can effectively cut the environmental influence down with a lower cost, but a CNG special vehicle is more beneficial to the energy saving and emission reduction; the energy consumption and emission of the full life cycle can obviously decrease by recycling the scrapped vehicles, increasing the CNG using mileage ratio of bi-fuel vehicles, and improving the ratio of using renewable energy to generate power. -
图 1 CNG/汽油两用燃料汽车全生命周期评价系统边界
Figure 1. Full life cycle assessment system boundary of CNG/gasoline bi-fuel vehicle
图 5 不同CNG-汽油使用里程比下的环境影响综合值
Figure 5. Comprehensive environmental impact value under different CNG-gasoline mileage ratios
图 6 整车总使用里程对化石能源消耗和环境的影响
Figure 6. Impact of total mileage on fossil energy consumption and environment
图 7 2017—2050年电力结构对应的环境影响综合值
Figure 7. Comprehensive environmental impact value corresponding to electric power structure in 2017—2050
表 2 汽车主要零部件制造阶段电能消耗[17]
Table 2. Electrical energy consumption of vehicle main components during manufacturing phase[17]
部件 质量/kg 电能/MJ CNG供气系统 70.0 366 蓄电池 16.3 18.1 发动机 125.4 1 395 车身 384.6 1480 轴 73.9 15.6 差速器 24.9 183.4 变速器 87.5 606.3 制动系统 38.1 140 转向系统 22.2 142 悬架系统 40.8 1.99 车轮 41.3 29.7 轮胎 40.8 95.9 玻璃 39.9 128 仪表板 24 50.6 
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g/km 燃料 CO2 CO NOx THC 汽油 171 5.05 0.35 0.16 CNG 121 1.24 0.44 0.32
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表 4 全生命周期各阶段能耗和排放
Table 4. Energy consumption and emission of each phase in full life cycle
阶段 原油/MJ 原煤/
MJ天然气/
MJ总能耗/
MJCO2/
kgCO/
kgNOx/
kgSOx/
kgNMVOC/
kgCH4/
kgPM2.5/
kgPM10/
kg原材料获取 8 435.14 49 564.6 11 343.4 86 500 9 706.8 227.9 17.5 22.4 2.7 24.4 2.1 4.7 零部件制造 278.317 13 176.6 930.58 14 900 1 151.0 1.4 3.0 2.6 0.3 3.1 0.6 1.4 整车涂装总装 415.334 21 280 340.17 22 900 2 131.2 2.5 4.7 6.1 2.2 6.0 1.5 3.4 使用维修 199 365 30 079.8 636 356 945 000 47 649.24 670.9 158.4 24.24 128.52 130.0 2.52 5.16 报废回收 -2 586.2 -9 813.9 -1 110.4 -13 300 -1 243.2 -5.8 -2.0 -2.8 -0.2 5.9 -0.2 -0.6 总计 205 907.591 104 287.1 647 859.75 1 060 000 59 395.04 896.9 181.6 52.54 133.52 169.4 6.52 14.06
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表 5 全生命周期各阶段特征化结果
Table 5. Characterization results of each phase in full life cycle
阶段 ADP(e)
(Sb-Eq/kg)ADP(f)/
(104MJ)GWP
(CO2-Eq/kg)AP(SO2-Eq/kg) EP(Phosphate-Eq/kg) POCP(Ethene-Eq/kg) ODP(R11-Eq/
10-9kg)原材料获取 0.168 8.65 10 400 35.90 2.47 8.82 1.22 零部件制造 0.000 212 1.49 1 240 4.63 0.42 0.44 0.353 整车涂装总装 0.000 336 2.29 2 310 9.70 0.67 1.35 0.729 使用维修 0.044 0 94.5 51 168.0 108.82 21.36 44.88 1.05 报废回收 -0.054 0 -1.33 -1 060 -4.34 -0.04 -0.49 -0.254
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表 6 各阶段环境影响归一化结果
Table 6. Environment impact normalization results of each phase
类别 原材料获取阶段 零部件制造阶段 整车涂装总装阶段 使用维修阶段 报废回收阶段 GWP 6.8×10-11 8.1×10-12 1.5×10-11 3.7×10-10 -7.0×10-12 AP 2.7×10-11 3.5×10-12 7.3×10-12 1.0×10-10 -3.3×10-12 EP 1.4×10-12 2.3×10-13 3.8×10-13 1.2×10-11 -2.1×10-14 POCP 4.3×10-11 2.1×10-12 6.6×10-12 2.3×10-10 -2.4×10-12 ODP 1.5×10-18 4.3×10-19 8.8×10-19 3.5×10-18 -3.1×10-19
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% 年份 水电 火电 核电 风电 光电 2014 18.74 75.76 2.35 2.75 0.40 2015 19.44 73.68 2.94 3.19 0.75 2016 19.51 71.85 3.54 4.00 1.10 2017 18.59 70.99 3.87 4.73 1.82 2020 18.77 61.59 6.68 9.36 3.60 2035 15.99 35.20 7.12 33.77 7.92 2050 15.16 14.95 7.60 44.51 17.78
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