-
摘要:
在对空域空间有限元的相关研究中,构建空域空间的网格标识系统,是将信息技术应用于空域管理、推进空域数字化的重要基础。在美军全球区域参考系统和通用地理位置参考系统基础上,提出了一种同时具备标识平面和立体空间位置能力的参考系统。通过在地球表面以上特定高度之下的空间内,建立一种递归剖分策略方法,将空域空间划分为若干空间网格,不同尺度下的网格既是一种地理空间位置参考系统,也是一种组成空域的基本空域体,以此实现空间位置参考与空间位置标定的混合表达,为开展空域数字化管理提供底层模型。
Abstract:At present, in the related researches of airspace spatial finite element, the construction of a grid identification system for airspace space is an important foundation for applying information technology to airspace management and promoting airspace digitization. Based on the US military's global regional reference system and general geographic location reference system, this paper proposes a reference system that has the ability to identify both plane and three-dimensional spatial positions. By establishing a recursive system in the space below a specific height above the earth's surface, the airspace space is divides into several spatial grids. Grid at different scales is not only a geographic spatial position reference system, but also a basic airspace body that composes the airspace, which means to realize spatial position reference and spatial position calibration. The mixed expression of airspace provides an underlying model for the development of digital airspace management.
-
表 1 全球空域空间网格椭球面剖分
Table 1. Ellipsoidal subdivision of global airspace spatial grid
剖分层级 剖分间隔 赤道附近单位网格大小/km 网格规模 第一级 15° 1 669 12×24个网格单元 第二级 1° 111 180×360个网格单元 第三级 30′ 56 360×720个网格单元 第四级 10′ 9 1 080×2 160个网格单元 第五级 5′ 5 2 160×4 320个网格单元 第六级 100″ 3 6 480×12 960个网格单元 第七级 10″ 0.3 64 800×129 600个网格单元 第八级 1″ 0.03 648 000×1 296 000个网格单元 表 2 第一级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 2. Level 1 grid code letter meaning
字母 相对南极点的离散序列 纬度区间/(°) 经度区间/(°) A 1 (B+90)∈[0, 15) (L+180)∈[0, 15) B 2 (B+90)∈[15, 30) (L+180)∈[15, 30) C 3 (B+90)∈[30, 45) (L+180)∈[30, 45) D 4 (B+90)∈[45, 60) (L+180)∈[45, 60) E 5 (B+90)∈[60, 75) (L+180)∈[60, 75) F 6 (B+90)∈[75, 90) (L+180)∈[75, 90) G 7 (B+90)∈[90, 105) (L+180)∈[90, 105) H 8 (B+90)∈[105, 120) (L+180)∈[105, 120) J 9 (B+90)∈[120, 135) (L+180)∈[120, 135) K 10 (B+90)∈[135, 150) (L+180)∈[135, 150) L 11 (B+90)∈[150, 165) (L+180)∈[150, 165) M 12 (B+90)∈[165, 180) (L+180)∈[165, 180) N 13 (L+180)∈[180, 195) P 14 (L+180)∈[195, 210) Q 15 (L+180)∈[210, 225) R 16 (L+180)∈[225, 240) S 17 (L+180)∈[240, 255) T 18 (L+180)∈[255, 270) U 19 (L+180)∈[270, 285) V 20 (L+180)∈[285, 300) W 21 (L+180)∈[300, 315) X 22 (L+180)∈[315, 330) Y 23 (L+180)∈[330, 345) Z 24 (L+180)∈[345, 360) 表 3 第二级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 3. Level 2 grid code letter meaning
字母 相对第一级网格单元基准原点序号 纬度区间/(″) 经度区间/(″) A 1 (B-B1)∈[0,1) (L-L1)∈[0, 1) B 2 (B-B1)∈[1, 2) (L-L1)∈[1, 2) C 3 (B-B1)∈[2, 3) (L-L1)∈[2, 3) D 4 (B-B1)∈[3, 4) (L-L1)∈[3, 4) E 5 (B-B1)∈[4, 5) (L-L1)∈[4, 5) F 6 (B-B1)∈[5, 6) (L-L1)∈[5, 6) G 7 (B-B1)∈[6, 7) (L-L1)∈[6, 7) H 8 (B-B1)∈[7, 8) (L-L1)∈[7, 8) J 9 (B-B1)∈[8, 9) (L-L1)∈[8, 9) K 10 (B-B1)∈[9, 10) (L-L1)∈[9, 10) L 11 (B-B1)∈[10, 11) (L-L1)∈[10, 11) M 12 (B-B1)∈[11, 12) (L-L1)∈[11, 12) N 13 (B-B1)∈[12, 13) (L-L1)∈[12, 13) P 14 (B-B1)∈[13, 14) (L-L1)∈[13, 14) Q 15 (B-B1)∈[14, 15) (L-L1)∈[14, 15) 表 4 第三级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 4. Level 3 grid code letter meaning
字母 纬度区间/(′) 经度区间/(′) W (B-B2)∈[0,30) (L-L2)∈[0, 30) X (B-B2)∈[0, 30) (L-L2)∈[30, 60) Y (B-B2)∈[30, 60) (L-L2)∈[0, 30) Z (B-B2)∈[30, 60) (L-L2)∈[30, 60) 表 5 第四级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 5. Level 4 grid code letter meaning
数字 纬度区间/(′) 经度区间/(′) 1 (B-B3)∈[0,10) (L-L3)∈[0, 10) 2 (B-B3)∈[0,10) (L-L3)∈[10, 20) 3 (B-B3)∈[0,10) (L-L3)∈[20, 30) 4 (B-B3)∈[10, 20) (L-L3)∈[0, 10) 5 (B-B3)∈[10, 20) (L-L3)∈[10, 20) 6 (B-B3)∈[10, 20) (L-L3)∈[20, 30) 7 (B-B3)∈[20, 30) (L-L3)∈[0, 10) 8 (B-B3)∈[20, 30) (L-L3)∈[10, 20) 9 (B-B3)∈[20, 30) (L-L3)∈[20, 30) 表 6 第五级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 6. Level 5 grid code letter meaning
字母 纬度区间/(′) 经度区间/(′) W (B-B4)∈[0,5) (L-L4)∈[0, 5) X (B-B4)∈[0,5) (L-L4)∈[5, 10) Y (B-B4)∈[5, 10) (L-L4)∈[0, 5) Z (B-B4)∈[5, 10) (L-L4)∈[5, 10) 表 7 第六级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 7. Level 6 grid code letter meaning
数字 纬度区间/(′) 经度区间/(′) 1 (B-B5)∈[0,100) (L-L5)∈[0, 100) 2 (B-B5)∈[0,100) (L-L5)∈[100, 200) 3 (B-B5)∈[0,100) (L-L5)∈[200, 300) 4 (B-B5)∈[100, 200) (L-L5)∈[0, 100) 5 (B-B5)∈[100, 200) (L-L5)∈[100, 200) 6 (B-B5)∈[100, 200) (L-L5)∈[200, 300) 7 (B-B5)∈[200, 300) (L-L5)∈[0, 100) 8 (B-B5)∈[200, 300) (L-L5)∈[100, 200) 9 (B-B5)∈[200, 300) (L-L5)∈[200, 300) 表 8 第七级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 8. Level 7 grid code letter meaning
字母 相对第六级网格单元基准原点序号 纬度区间/(″) 经度区间/(″) A 1 (B-B6)∈[0,10) (L-L6)∈[0, 10) B 2 (B-B6)∈[10, 20) (L-L6)∈[10, 20) C 3 (B-B6)∈[20, 30) (L-L6)∈[20, 30) D 4 (B-B6)∈[30, 40) (L-L6)∈[30, 40) E 5 (B-B6)∈[40, 50) (L-L6)∈[40, 50) F 6 (B-B6)∈[50, 60) (L-L6)∈[50, 60) G 7 (B-B6)∈[60, 70) (L-L6)∈[60, 70) H 8 (B-B6)∈[70, 80) (L-L6)∈[70, 80) J 9 (B-B6)∈[80, 90) (L-L6)∈[80, 90) K 10 (B-B6)∈[90, 100) (L-L6)∈[90, 100) 表 9 第八级网格单元编码字母含义
Table 9. Level 8 grid code letter meaning
字母 相对第七级网格单元基准原点序号 纬度区间/(″) 经度区间/(″) A 1 (B-B7)∈[0,1) (L-L7∈[0, 1) B 2 (B-B7)∈[1, 2) (L-L7)∈[1, 2) C 3 (B-B7)∈[2, 3) (L-L7)∈[2, 3) D 4 (B-B7)∈[3, 4) (L-L7)∈[3, 4) E 5 (B-B7)∈[4, 5) (L-L7)∈[4, 5) F 6 (B-B7)∈[5, 6) (L-L7)∈[5, 6) G 7 (B-B7)∈[6, 7) (L-L7)∈[6, 7) H 8 (B-B7)∈[7, 8) (L-L7)∈[7, 8) J 9 (B-B7)∈[8, 9) (L-L7)∈[8, 9) K 10 (B-B7)∈[9, 10) (L-L7)∈[9, 10) 表 10 二进制编码位数
Table 10. Digit of binary coded
剖分层级 矩阵 行m二进制编码位数 列n二级制编码位数 地址码二进制编码位数 第一级 G12×241 4 5 9 第二级 G180×3602 8 9 17 第三级 G360×7203 9 10 19 第四级 G1 080×2 1604 11 12 23 第五级 G2 160×4 3205 12 13 25 第六级 G6 480×12 9606 13 14 27 第七级 G64 800×129 6007 16 17 33 第八级 G648 000×1 296 0008 20 21 41 -
[1] 高波, 祁志民. 数字化作战对炮兵装备的影响[J]. 火力与指挥控制, 2005, 30(7): 46-49. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0640.2005.07.013GAO B, QI Z M. The impact of digital warfare on artillery equipment[J]. Firepower and Command Control, 2005, 30(7): 46-49(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0640.2005.07.013 [2] 张卫民, 马红卫, 梁建奇, 等. 坐标系选取对炮兵作战的影响分析[J]. 兵工学报, 2014, 35(10): 1716-1720. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.10.028ZHANG W M, MA H W, LIANG J Q, et al. Analysis of the influence of coordinate system selection on artillery operations[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2014, 35(10): 1716-1720(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2014.10.028 [3] 赵琳, 程建华, 赵玉新. 船舶导航定位系统[M]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社, 2011.ZHAO L, CHENG J H, ZHAO Y X. Ship navigation and positioning system[M]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press, 2011(in Chinese). [4] 贾银山, 贾传荧, 魏海平, 等. 基于GPS和电子海图的船舶导航系统设计与实现[J]. 计算机工程, 2003, 29(1): 194-195. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3428.2003.01.076JIA Y S, JIA C Y, WEI H P, et al. Design and implementation of ship navigation system based on GPS and electronic chart[J]. Computer Engineering, 2003, 29(1): 194-195(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3428.2003.01.076 [5] 刘俊义, 任建芳. 地理信息系统中空间参考系统综述[J]. 通信与计算技术, 2006(4): 23-29.LIU J Y, REN J F. Overview of spatial reference system in geographic information system[J]. Communication and Computing Technology, 2006(4): 23-29(in Chinese). [6] 盛英帅, 胡清雄, 高辉, 等. 地球空间参考网格系统建设初探[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 52(6): 1041-1049. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BJDZ201606009.htmSHENG Y S, HU Q X, GAO H, et al. A preliminary study on the construction of geospatial reference grid system[J]. Journal of Peking University(Natural Science Edition), 2016, 52(6): 1041-1049(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BJDZ201606009.htm [7] 程承旗, 付晨. 地球空间参考网格及应用前景[J]. 地理信息世界, 2014(3): 1-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1586.2014.03.001CHENG C Q, FU C. Geospatial reference grid and its application prospects[J]. Geographic Information World, 2014(3): 1-8(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1586.2014.03.001 [8] 胡丹露. 地理信息网格及其军事应用[J]. 测绘科学, 2005, 30(1): 15-17. doi: 10.3771/j.issn.1009-2307.2005.01.005HU D L. Geographic information grid and its military application[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2005, 30(1): 15-17(in Chinese). doi: 10.3771/j.issn.1009-2307.2005.01.005 [9] 仲廷虎, 曹雪峰. 军事网格带来作战指挥的新发展[J]. 国防科技, 2007(4): 64-65. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-4547.2007.04.016ZHONG T H, CAO X F. Military grid brings new development in combat command[J]. National Defense Science and Technology, 2007(4): 64-65(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-4547.2007.04.016 [10] 吕晓华, 万刚, 宗传孟. 美国军事网格参考系统及其启示[J]. 测绘科学与工程, 2008, 28(4): 69-73.LÜ X H, WAN G, ZONG C M. The U.S. military grid reference system and its enlightenment[J]. Science and Engineering of Surveying and Mapping, 2008, 28(4): 69-73(in Chinese). [11] 叶昆平. 基于基准站网的区域参考框架维持及精度分析[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2019, 42(8): 148-150. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5867.2019.08.043YE K P. Regional reference frame maintenance and accuracy analysis based on fiducial station network[J]. Surveying and Spatial Geographic Information, 2019, 42(8): 148-150(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5867.2019.08.043 [12] 张西光, 吕志平. 论地球参考框架的维持[J]. 测绘通报, 2009(5): 1-4. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CHTB200905002.htmZHANG X G, LÜ Z P. On the maintenance of the earth reference frame[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2009(5): 1-4(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CHTB200905002.htm [13] 关丽, 吕雪锋. 多级地理空间网格框架及其关键技术初探[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2011, 27(3): 1-6. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLGT201103002.htmGUAN L, LÜ X F. A preliminary study on the multi-level geospatial grid framework and its key technologies[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2011, 27(3): 1-6(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLGT201103002.htm [14] BEN J, TONG X, JI S. Global grid systems for geospatial information: Status and thinking[C]//Proceedings of SPIE, 2007: 6754. [15] CHEN A J, DI L P, WEI Y X. Use of grid computing for modeling virtual geospatial products[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2009, 23(5): 581-604. doi: 10.1080/13658810902733666 [16] ZHANG T, TSOU M H, QIAO Q, et al. Building an intelligent geospatial cyberinfrastructure: An analytical problem solving approach[C]//Geoinformatics 2006: Geospatial Information Science, 2006: 64200A. [17] FANG Y, HUANG Z, CHEN B, et al. Architecture and key technologies of grid geographic information system[J]. Science China-Technological Sciences, 2008, 51(1): 102-113. doi: 10.1007/s11431-008-5011-8 [18] 林珲, 黄凤茹, 鲁学军, 等. 虚拟地理环境认知与表达研究初步[J]. 遥感学报, 2010, 14(4): 822-838. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YGXB201004018.htmLIN H, HUANG F R, LU X J, et al. Preliminary research on the cognition and expression of virtual geographic environment[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010, 14(4): 822-838(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YGXB201004018.htm [19] 龚建华, 周洁萍, 张利辉. 虚拟地理环境研究进展与理论框架[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010, 25(9): 915-926. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ201009005.htmGONG J H, ZHOU J P, ZHANG L H. Research progress and theoretical framework of virtual geographical environment[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010, 25(9): 915-926(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ201009005.htm [20] 李德仁, 龚健雅, 邵振峰. 从数字地球到智慧地球[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2010, 35(2): 127-132. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WHCH201002002.htmLI D R, GONG J Y, SHAO Z F. From digital earth to smart earth[J]. Journal of Wuhan University(Information Science Edition), 2010, 35(2): 127-132(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WHCH201002002.htm [21] 翟卫欣, 段杰雄, 童晓冲, 等. 基于空间网格的多尺度人文地理特征分析[J]. 测绘学报, 2016, 45(z1): 85-89. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CHXB2016S1015.htmZHAI W X, DUAN J X, TONG X C, et al. Multi-scale analysis of human geographic features based on spatial grid[J]. Journal of Surveying and Mapping, 2016, 45(z1): 85-89(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CHXB2016S1015.htm [22] 彭明军. 利用层次空间推理进行城市空间信息多级网格划分[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 2010, 35(9): 1112-1115. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WHCH201009030.htmPENG M J. Using hierarchical spatial reasoning for multi-level grid division of urban spatial information[J]. Journal of Wuhan University(Information Science Edition), 2010, 35(9): 1112-1115(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WHCH201009030.htm [23] 李德仁, 肖志峰, 朱欣焰, 等. 空间信息多级网格的划分方法及编码研究[J]. 测绘学报, 2006, 35(1): 52-56. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2006.01.011LI D R, XIAO Z F, ZHU X Y, et al. Research on the division method and coding of spatial information multi-level grid[J]. Journal of Surveying and Mapping, 2006, 35(1): 52-56(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2006.01.011 [24] 韩海东, 程承旗, 王燕, 等. 基于全球剖分网格的多源数据快速汇集方法研究[J]. 地理信息世界, 2014(6): 6-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1586.2014.06.002HAN H D, CHENG C Q, WANG Y, et al. Research on the rapid collection method of multi-source data based on global subdivision grid[J]. Geographic Information World, 2014(6): 6-11(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1586.2014.06.002 [25] SAHR K, WHITE D, KIMERLING A J. Discrete global grid system[J]. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2003, 30(2): 121-134. doi: 10.1559/152304003100011090 [26] TONG X, BEN J, WANG Y, et al. Efficient encoding and spatial operation scheme for aperture 4 hexagonal discrete global grid system[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2013, 27(5-6): 898-921. http://ir.igsnrr.ac.cn/bitstream/311030/30225/2/Tong-2013-Efficient%20encoding%20a.pdf [27] 贲进, 童晓冲, 张衡, 等. 基于六边形网格的球面Voronoi图生成算法[J]. 测绘科学技术学报, 2006, 23(5): 328-330. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6338.2006.05.005BEN J, TONG X C, ZHANG H, et al. Spherical Voronoi diagram generation algorithm based on hexagonal grid[J]. Journal of Surveying and Mapping Science and Technology, 2006, 23(5): 328-330(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-6338.2006.05.005 [28] 贲进. 地球空间信息离散网格数据模型的理论与算法研究[D]. 郑州: 解放军信息工程大学, 2005.BEN J. Research on theories and algorithms of discrete grid data model for geospatial information[D]. Zhengzhou: PLA Information Engineering University, 2005(in Chinese). [29] KIM I H, TSOU M H. Enabling digital earth simulation models using cloud computing or grid computing-Two approaches supporting high-performance GIS simulation frameworks[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2013, 6(4): 383-403. doi: 10.1080/17538947.2013.783125 [30] YANG C, GOODCHILD M, HUANG Q, et al. Spatial cloud computing: How can the geospatial sciences use and help shape cloud computing[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2011, 4(4): 305-329. doi: 10.1080/17538947.2011.587547 [31] 文秘, 方强, 黄兴龙, 等. 基于RGRS的空域划设问题研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2020, 41(3): 194-199. doi: 10.11809/bqzbgcxb2020.03.039WEN M, FANG Q, HUANG X L, et al. Spatial allocation of global grid reference system based on radian system[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2020, 41(3): 194-199(in Chinese). doi: 10.11809/bqzbgcxb2020.03.039 [32] MIAO S, CHENG C, ZHAI W, et al. A low-altitude flight conflict detection algorithm based on a multilevel grid spatiotemporal index[J]. International Journal of Geo-Information, 2019, 8(6): 289. doi: 10.3390/ijgi8060289 [33] ACEVEDO J J, CASTANO A R, ANDRADE-PINEDA J L. A 4D grid based approach for efficient conflict detection in large-scale multi-UAV scenarios[C]//The 2019 International Workshop on Research, Education and Development on Unmanned Aerial Systems. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2019: 18-23. [34] HAN Y X, HUANG X Q, TANG X M. Development of a new tool for constrained conflict resolution[J]. Journal of Airspace Engineering, 2019, 233(5): 1683-1694. http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000040234934910_60b2.html