Concept and Authentication Rules of Digital Evidence
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摘要: 电子证据在中国被确立为一种独立证据类型,具有在范畴以及审查认定标准与规则等方面加以特殊研究的必要性。电子证据就其范畴而言,应定义为"以电子形式存储或传输的、用于证明案件事实的数据或信息",包含"数据、电子、证据"三个要素;就其独立性及其范围而言,区别于书证和物证,但是与证明案件事实的视听资料证据存在交叉,现有立法将交叉部分纳入到电子证据的规制框架之下,这意味着其取证、保存、出示、审查及认定都将适用电子证据的相关规定。电子证据在物理形式与采集技术上的独特性,导致对传统证据相关规则的极大挑战,在真实性审查和认定规则特殊构建方面要求尤为突出。目前,国际上对于电子证据真实性审查的规则呈现出两种发展态势:形式审查的门槛在不断降低;这种降低依赖于证据调查活动规范程度的不断提升,即实质审查层面真实性的提升。中国可以借鉴国际经验,确立和完善关于电子证据实质审查和形式审查两个方面的规则。Abstract: Digital evidence has been recognized as a separate category of evidence under the Chinese law, but its concept as well as the unique authentication rules demand further exploration. The concept ‘digital evidence' refers to any probative data or information stored or transmitted in digital form that can be used to prove a case. Data or information, digital form, and evidence are the three key elements of this concept, which distinguish digital evidence from, in a narrow sense, documentary evidence and physical evidence. As to audio-visual material evidence, there is an overlap in-between. Under the current legal regime, the overlapping part follows the collection, preservation, presentation and authentication rules of digital evidence. The unique nature and characteristics of digital evidence give rise to challenges against the conventional evidential rules especially regarding authentication. On the international level, one can observe two trends regarding authentication rules: one is the constantly lowered threshold for formal examination, whereas the other is the increasingly strengthened substantive examination and regulations on collecting evidence. Examining foreign experience can be beneficial to constructing the Chinese rules of authenticating digital evidence.
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