Abstract: Marx’s analysis of the process of human production presents a dynamic picture of the formation and evolution of the productivity system. From the perspective of system philosophy, the production factors themselves and other production factors are combined in a certain structure, forming the productivity system in the interaction with the external environment. The transformation of productivity factors in quantity, quality and space-time category drives the co-transformation of system structure and pushes the productivity system to break through the hierarchy and convert conservatively. The power and labor relations embedded in the system structure evolve with the development of the productivity system, and build a differentiated production incentive mechanism, thus promoting the co-evolution of social production mode. Marx’s thought on productivity provides important theoretical guidance and methods for China to improve labor productivity, optimize social relations and foster the free and all-round development of human beings in the new era.