Abstract: Science and technology is a revolutionary force that drives the development of human society. Scientific and technological innovation is the strategic support for improving social productivity, international competitiveness, composite national strength and safeguarding national security, so we must adhere to its core position in the overall situation of Chinese modernization. From the perspective of historical evolution, the role of science and technology in invigorating China through science and technology has gone through the process from “serving national construction” to “being an important support for improving social productivity and composite national strength”, and then to the stage that science and technology, education and human resources have become “the foundational and strategic pillars for building a modern socialist country in all aspects”. The development of contemporary science and technology is increasingly showing the trend of interdisciplinary integration, which is an important basis and symbol for liberating and developing productive forces and presents the characteristics of permeability, diffusion and remoldability in the era of new scientific and technological revolution. Strategic decisions made at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China about the importance of science and technology, education and human resources in the new era point out the direction for the role of science and technology in the new period. With the joint development of science and technology, education and human resources, the strategy of invigorating China through science and education will surely enable China to embark on a new journey of Chinese modernization.