Abstract: The spirit of historical initiative is a precious spirit for the Communist Party of China (CPC) to shoulder the historical responsibility, scientifically grasp the law and general trend of historical development, and take the initiative to deal with risks and challenges. Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, faced with the shift of the Party’s focus after the victory of the new democratic revolution and risks and challenges brought by the new situation and new tasks, the CPC fully carried forward the spirit of historical initiative and advanced the cause of the Party and the country by strengthening the Party building. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects. On the basis of scientific analysis and judgment of the actual situation, the CPC organized the whole Party to systematically study Marxist theory, and explored the basic laws and general trend of the historical development of human society. In addition, under the guidance of Marxist theory, the CPC scientifically analyzed and summarized the historical experience of the world revolution and Chinese revolution since modern times, and grasped the historical characteristics and position of China’s social development to correctly understand and implement the major state policies when the People’s Republic of China was founded.