Abstract: "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" is the first overall text in which Marx criticized capitalist modernity. Marx's criticism of modernity was launched from the dual dimensions of concept and reality. In the dimension of concept criticism, Marx tried to break the illusion of capitalist modernity, revealing the abstraction of Hegel's philosophy, the vulgarity of national economics, and the illusion of early communism. In the dimension of reality criticism, Marx focused on exposing the realistic defects of capitalist modernity, criticizing the root of alienated labor, the logic of capital operation, and the representation of currency divinity in modernity. On the basis of the maturity of subjective and objective conditions, with the promotion of the Communist movement and the guidance of the new modernity goal, modernity will ultimately transcend the form of capitalist modernity and transition to the stage of socialist modernity, achieving the internal iteration of modernity development.