Abstract: With the rise of new quality productive forces, data elements have become key elements in the modern economic system. Marxist productivity theory reveals the historical inevitability of new quality productive forces and provides the theoretical cornerstone for data elements to empower new quality productive forces. Through its dual attributes — as both a means of labor and an object of labor — data elements have a profound impact on productivity and production relations, and gradually penetrate social relations. Under the socialist mode of production, the data element aims at the fulfillment of social and collective needs. Relying on artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, the data factor promotes the modernization of production efficiency and relations of production through improving information processing capabilities, promoting production automation and intelligence, developing innovation capabilities, and optimizing industrial chain synergies, to realize the empowerment of new quality productive forces. This empowerment mechanism not only brings into play the multiplier effect of data elements and increases total factor productivity, but also opens up new space for economic growth.