Abstract: Five-Year Plans are a crucial institutional arrangement for advancing Chinese-style modernization. A thorough understanding of their scientific thinking, development layout, and action strategies helps further uncover the strategic considerations and operational mechanisms underpinning the setting of phased modernization goals, thereby highlighting the distinctive advantages of Chinese modernization. In terms of their underlying logic, Five-Year Plans employ strategic thinking to position modernization within the overarching context of the times, historical thinking to grasp the evolutionary characteristics of different stages of modernization, and systems thinking to integrate the multidimensional framework of modernization development. The historical evolution of Five-Year Plans reflects both the transformation of national governance models and the deepening connotation of modernization itself, from the directive planning that laid the foundation for the initial modernization framework, to the guidance-oriented planning that activated endogenous momentum, and further to the strategic planning that promotes systematic modernization. In the context of the new era and new journey, the key to driving Chinese modernization through Five-Year Plans lies in adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, formulating farsighted overarching designs, and leveraging the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major undertakings. Dynamic evaluation and adjustment mechanisms should also be relied on to ensure steady and sustained progress of Chinese modernization.