Abstract: In order to cope with the international financial crisis, China has proposed the policy that "expanding domestic demand to promote economic development". This article research on the consumption level and structure of rural residents in Gansu Province based on this policy background, obtained that rural residents- consumption of Gansu Province are mainly concentrated in life consumption demand such as food、 living、education and entertainment. With the improvement of quality of life, having the potential demand to medical care and transportation and communication,the consumption structure is gradually tends to rationalize. The key to further expand rural consumer demand lies in increasing rural residents income and improving consumption environment.