Abstract: According to the theory of comparative advantage, thirteen kinds of main planting products in fourteen prefectural-level cities or prefectures in Gansu Province were inspected. This paper's comprehensive comparative advantage index method was employed to measure and calculate the breeds of the planting products with comprehensive advantage in different areas. Its relative comparative advantage index method was employed to measure and analyze the comparative advantage of the planting products in different areas. The breeds of the planting products with both comprehensive advantage and comparative advantage were picked out. This conclusion will have a positive effect and value on the adjustment of agricultural structure and the optimization of the layout.