Abstract: As the leader of Bolshevik Party, Lenin, on the basis of continuing and developing Marx’s anti-poverty theory, carried out practical activities in three aspects, namely, recognizing the basic national conditions, improving the status of workers and developing the productive forces in the impoverished and backward Soviet Russia, thus consolidating the new proletarian regime. Based on the final victory of the Communist Party of China in poverty eradication, and the application of Lenin’s anti-poverty theory and practical experience to poverty eradication, the paper reveals that upholding the Party’s leadership is the intrinsic requirements of poverty eradication. Releasing and developing the productive forces is the fundamental way of poverty eradication, which can narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and distinguishing and solving the key problems of extreme poverty and relative poverty can not only eliminate poverty completely, but also promote the common prosperity for all the people.