Abstract: The Critique of Political Economy is an important document that shows Engels’ criticism of Malthus’ population theory and Engels’ criticism is primarily from three dimensions of politics, society and economy. The starting point of Engels’ political criticism is to expose the capitalist society full of fraud and hypocrisy; the standpoint of Engels’ social criticism is to construct an ideal society with a “purely human and universal foundation”; and the three breakthrough points of Engels’ economic criticism are capital, labor and technology under capitalist private ownership. Engels’ criticism of Malthus’ population theory has left us an important inspiration, which suggests that we should firmly follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, construct China’s population policy, adhere to the broad historical perspective in evaluating population policy, persist in scientific and technological innovation, and ensure that scientific and technological achievements will benefit all working people.