Identification and Controversy of Research Misconduct

To solve the problem of the unclear basis for identification of research misconduct, three aspects of the basis are summarized as scientific norms, subjective motives and harmful consequences.The specific connotations of the three aspects are discussed, i.e., unique norms and universal norms; honest mistakes, negligence and deliberateness; harm to the knowledge system, reward system and society. Based on this, it is believed that scientific norms, black box characteristics of motivation, and vague judgment standards for harm are the main reasons for the controversy of the identification of research misconduct. The process of the identification of research misconduct is proposed with a specific explanation of the non-repeatable phenomenon. The identification of research misconduct should be led by small peers to ensure objectivity and be transparent to achieve fairness; local standards should be set to show suitability.