Comparative Study of the International Lunar Research Station Partner Guidelines and the Artemis AccordsFrom the Perspective of Outer Space Resources Exploration and Utilization

The International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) Partner Guidelines and the Artemis Accords constitute integral components of China's inaugural lunar landing program and the United States' lunar return initiative, respectively. Comparing these frameworks from the perspective of outer space resource, exploration and utilization aids in clarifying the relationship between them and provides valuable reference points for advancing China's lunar exploration and utilization endeavors. Building upon a review of their historical context and a textual analysis, this study focuses on assessing their respective impacts on the evolution of rules governing outer space resource exploration and utilization. The research finds that the former does not intend to alter established outer space legal rules and order, while the latter demonstrates a more apparent intent to guide the development of relevant rules, albeit with limited impact. Against the backdrop of a volatile international landscape, China's space program must continue to prioritize technological advancement. This includes expediting the establishment of the International Lunar Research Station and conducting lunar and deep space exploration activities in strict accordance with current space law. Concurrently, it remains imperative that close monitoring and accurate assessment of international regulatory developments concerning the exploration and utilization of outer space resources.