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2012 Vol. 38, No. 2

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Security surveillance of low-altitude airspace with primary radar
Chen Weishi, Ning Huansheng
2012, (2): 143-148.
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An affordable low-altitude airspace experimental radar surveillance system was introduced and the target detection and tracking scheme based on plane position indicator (PPI) radar images was proposed, where clutter suppression and target state estimation are two critical techniques. After background subtraction of PPI radar images, there are still much clutter distributed around the original background objects, so its spatial characteristic was utilized for clutter suppression, and then the interactive multiple models (IMM) method was adopted for tracking of target maneuvering motions with uniform speed, acceleration, deceleration and turning. The performance of the tracking algorithm was deeply investigated against simulated data. Results of the application of overall scheme to two sets of live PPI images were also provided showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
New method for rapid transfer alignment
Han Yinghong, Chen Wanchun
2012, (2): 149-152.
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To solve the transfer alignment problem on moving base of inertial navigation systems (INS), velocity plus attitude plus rate matching method was presented. Making use of three groups of parameters from both master and slave INS as the observations, Kalman filter was applied to estimate states such as the misalignment angle and the fixed installation error rapidly and exactly for the precise initialization of the slave INS. A statistic structural flexure movement model was introduced. According to the basic principle of transfer alignment, the state equation and the measurement equation were given in detail. Simulation results under the same conditions show that this scheme is as accurate as the velocity plus attitude matching and velocity plus rate matching. Besides, its evaluation time is only half of the other two's. It can be used on airborne and seaborne tactical missiles to reduce the navigation bias and guidance error effectively.
Imaging position error compensation of scan mirror for spacecraft
Jia Yinghong, Xu Shijie, Chen Tong
2012, (2): 153-159,165.
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An imaging position error compensation algorithm was proposed for a two-degree-of-freedom scan mirror of a geostationary spacecraft. The investigation aimed to eliminate the detecting area error on the earth surface by compensation of the mirror scanning angles. The formulas for calculating the geocentric longitude and latitude of the imaging point were deduced in which three types of errors, the mirror normal deviation, satellite attitude error and orbit error, were considered. Then the descriptions of the error sources were presented, and the effects of the errors on the imaging point position were analyzed. Based on the small quantity assumption of the angular errors, the compensation algorithms for east-west scanning angle and south-north stepping angle were proposed in explicit formulations. As the normal deviation was difficult to be measured accurately, an estimation algorithm for normal deviation was proposed based on the ability of accurate orientation determination of the optical axis in special operation mode and the long-period characteristic of the normal deviation. The simulation results indicate that the proposed compensation scheme and algorithm improve the imaging position accuracy evidently.
Hypersonic vehicle rigid/elastic coupled dynamic modeling
Li Huifeng, Xiao Jin, Zhang Ran
2012, (2): 160-165.
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Extensive use of lifting body, wave-rider aerodynamic layout and other composite materials, thin-walled structures, lead the frequency of structural vibration and rigid body motion very close. This yields a great challenge to the vehicle control system design. Taking into account the transverse displacement, a specific simplification which treats the vehicle body as two mass center fixed cantilever beams was adopted. And the hypersonic aircraft-s rigid body/elastic coupling model was derived based on the principle of virtual work and Lagrange equations. After comparing the open-looped poles of new coupling model and traditional rigid body model, a conclusion that the short-period vibration mode and the structures vibration mode tightly coupled with each other was made. The centrifugal force affected the height and long-period mode, and the effect on the flight path can not be ignored. Finally, changes in flight speed and structural damping on the dynamic performance of coupled model were analyzed. Results show that flight speeds significantly affect the rigid body motion modes, while the structural damping mainly changes in elastic mode.
Aircraft cabin comfort analysis with human thermoregulation model
Pang Liping, Gong Mengmeng, Wang Jun, Cui Yi
2012, (2): 166-169,174.
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The studies about cabin thermal comfort are of great significance in the large aircraft market competition. A reasonable human thermal model is the key to analyze and evaluate the thermal comfort. Based on thermal characteristics experiment of human in the limited space, a human thermal model with the behavior of thermal regulation was established. The complex heat transfer was simplified into the heat transfer among three areas of high temperature core, blood perfusion and the equivalent organization. This model will not only overcome the limitation of the constant wall temperature or constant heat flux density, but in good agreement with the experimental results. Combined with a predicted mean vote(PMV) thermal comfort evaluation method without iterative equation proposed, the comfort in crowded space can be analyzed under the premise of ensuring the calculation speed. Simulation results show that the method can meet the speed requirement when the simulation is for a complex space environment, but also more accurately reflects the human physiological thermal regulation process.
Error modeling and analysis for random drift of MEMS gyroscopes
Wang Xinlong, Li Na
2012, (2): 170-174.
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In order to comprehensively understand the characteristics of random drift error of micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) gyroscope varying with time, the dynamic Allan variance was utilized to analyze the property of output signal of MEMS gyroscopes. Firstly, the theory of Allan variance and dynamic Allan variance were introduced. Then, the Allan variance and the dynamic Allan variance were utilized to analyze the characteristic and performance of the practical testing date of MEMS gyroscopes respectively. The study results show that the main random noise of MEMS gyroscope are the rate ramp, quantization noise and the rate random walk, and they are unstability varying with time. The dynamic Allan variance was utilized to not only extract and confirm some main noises of MEMS gyroscope, but also track and describe the stability of MEME gyroscope-s signal varying with time. Consequently, compared with Allan variance, the dynamic Allan variance can represent the characterization of stochastic errors in MEMS gyroscope more comprehensively.
New kind Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model under the limit of entropy
Zhao Rui, Yan Chao, Yu Jian
2012, (2): 175-179,190.
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A new kind correction to Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model (BL-entropy) based on the concept of entropy was proposed. The supersonic plane, two-dimensional supersonic compression corner and expansion-compression corner which were representative in the engineering area were chosen in the numerical simulation to evaluate the performance of this model. It is found that BL-entropy can conquer the essential deficiency of the original model by providing a more physically correct length scale in the supersonic complex flow. Moreover, this method is simple, computationally fast and general, making it applicable to other models related with the supersonic boundary layer.
Optimization and experimental verification for aerodynamic scheme of flying-wing
Bao Junbo, Wang Ganglin, Wu Zhe
2012, (2): 180-184.
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The characteristic arguments to describe the plane shape considering the stealthy and aerodynamic performance of the flying-wing was proposed, the constraint relation in the scheme optimization was analyzed. The 3-dimensional curved surface model was built by using parameterization method, and the process to divide the surface grids was packaged automatically. The new surface grids can be generated accurately and rapidly by changing the design arguments, thus the iteration efficiency in the scheme optimization process was improved. The aerodynamic performance was calculated by using the numerical method based on the Euler equation, the viscous correction was added in the analysis of the major scheme. The stealthy performance was estimated by using the high-frequency approximate method. The cruise status was taken as the design point to optimize the aerodynamic scheme considering the constraints of stealthy performance based on analysis-modification method, and the selected scheme was tested by the wind tunnel. The results prove the research deserving the selected scheme.
Dynamic analysis and simulation of soft-landing for lunar lander
Luo Songbai, Zhao Yongjia
2012, (2): 185-190.
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Taking the four-leg lunar lander as the study object, the lander's component structure and lunar physical attribute was analyzed. When studying the lander's dynamics, a block parameter simulation method based on structure was proposed, which analyzes the lander's dynamic behavior during the landing moment, derives the buffers' and foot pads' dynamic model individually and integrates each model through simplifying lander's structure. Technology of visual simulation was introduced and simulation of lunar-landing was realized. The effects of different initial conditions, such as slop of lunar surface and lading velocity, stiffness coefficient and damping coefficient were measured through simulation. The result verifies the validity of the method. This method has already successfully applied in engineering research of lunar-landing.
Development of experiment dummy for aerospace dynamic experiment testing
Liu Songyang, Xu Yuanming, Yang Chunxin
2012, (2): 191-194,201.
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The performance and development status of experiment dummy for national aerospace dynamic experiment testing was introduced. The development task can be divided into four parts: the human body parameter measuring system, dummy mechanical structure system, data collection and processing system, and dummy reliability validation system. The emphasis was put on the description of material selection and structural design features of the skeletons, joints and skin of the dummy. The dummy sensing ability can output 64 channel physical signals, and the overall performance of the dummy is near to American military dummy ADAM. It can be used as an effective tool for dangerous dynamic experiment testing in aerospace domain.
Measurements and analysis of high-power slot-type piston actuator flow-field
Liu He, Dong Jinzhong, Wu Naiming
2012, (2): 195-201.
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A high-power piston actuator was investigated and peak instantaneous velocity could be up to 0.3 Mach number. Exit velocity and vorticity distribution were obtained through experimental measurements. Synthetic jet flow structure and characters were investigated. Coaxial jet mixing was controlled by piston actuator, indicating which can be used in relative high velocity field to realize active flow control. The results show that the steady vortex pair at export can be formed by using the design methods of synthetic jet actuator presented. The mixing for nozzle flow can be effectively controlled with a certain excitation frequency. It presents that synthetic jet actuator can be used as the implementation of active flow control and has potentially important value to air power exhaust system.
Constant power H∞ stabilization control strategy on airborne pump supplying system
He Liuyu, Li Yunhua, Liu Guojian
2012, (2): 202-207.
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Taking the constant power control of the airborne pump supplying as the goal, and addressing on the load variation during the process of the operation, the control strategy for keeping the output power constant to increase the utilization degree to the power of the engine was used. For the main controlled plant of the airborne pump supplying system with the variable displacement axial piston pump, the state space equation and flow output equation were built and the H∞ robust control strategy was used to regulate the flow of variable displacement pump. The simulation results show that the system could quickly return to a new flow state corresponding to constant power working curve when the load was changed. The H∞ controller can decrease the affections from the disturbance and uncertain parameters for the system stability and can be of a strong robustness. It could improve working performance and utilization degree of the system.
Attitude model of spinning warhead with cooled shroud when liquid nitrogen is consuming
Yu Zhengning, Zhao Yushan
2012, (2): 208-212.
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An attitude dynamics model of spinning warhead flying at free stage with a cooled shroud was established while liquid nitrogen filled in porous medium layer was consuming. The effect of liquid nitrogen movement to spinning warhead is difficult to calculate and simulate directly in engineering, according to this, an infiltration movement model of mixture in porous medium was gained by using homogeneous assumption, then was analyzed by applying dimensionless method, and an applied attitude model was obtained. Simulation shows that angular velocity is increasing in spinning direction, but in other directions, frequencies of angular velocities are increasing while these velocities are not zero, meanwhile, damp effects are appeared in the angular movement. Because of little impaction to attitude angular, both frequencies increase and damp effects could be ignored in practical project.
Artificial potential function method for satellite electromagnetic formation control
Su Jianmin, Dong Yunfeng
2012, (2): 213-217,238.
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The relative motion of electromagnetic satellites is activated by electromagnetic force between satellites. The control law should satisfy two conditions, low calculation burden and ability of avoiding collision. The control objects are relative motion vectors of satellites to reference satellite. The analysis of feasibility of electromagnetic force control to satellite formation shows that relative motion of satellites can be controlled if electromagnetic strengths of satellites can be controlled. An artificial potential function was designed. Relative positions and relative velocities are treated as variables. The value of the function is minimal when control object is got, and it is local maximal when collision happens. By regulating control parameters in real time, which the current of electromagnetic coils won-t beyond upper limit is regarded. The derivative of artificial potential function is less than zeros in control process. Simulation shows that electromagnetic satellites configuration would be generated when control law was imposed with interference.
Experiments on static characteristics of metal rubber particles
Hong Jie, Zhu Bin, Ma Yanhong, Chen Lulu
2012, (2): 218-221.
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According to problems of the high mode density of natural frequencies of plane-shell structure and a broad spectrum of aerodynamic excitation forces, a new metal rubber (MR) component was designed by improving the processing technology of MR. It is called metal rubber particles (MRP). The WDW3100 electronic universal testing equipment was used to obtain static characteristics of MRP damper experimentally. The average stiffness and loss factor of MRP was obtained by measured the static hysteresis loop. The material parameters and process parameters on the influence of stiffness and damping characteristics was obtained by experimental results. Through this study, it provids experimental basis for further research and engineering application of metal rubber particles damper.
Real-time analysis and assessment method of time-triggered CAN-bus
Xia Jiqiang, Xue Liqiang, Man Qingfeng
2012, (2): 222-227.
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To solve the problem that time-triggered CAN (controller area network) bus system lacked a unified real-time performance assessment method, a complete system establishment and assessment scheme was proposed. Time-triggered CAN-bus system scheduling matrix was established by using average-loading algorithm and periodic messages were guaranteed to transmit without delay by distributing them independent transmission windows within the system matrix. While considering the traditional CAN-bus transmission mechanism and the time-triggeredness feature, a calculation method was improved to calculate the worst-case delay of event-triggered messages in time-triggered CAN-bus system. The failure probability was calculated for event-triggered messages whose worst-case delay exceeded their deadlines. System design and assessment process was established for CAN-bus transmission system and parameter adjustment was proposed to optimize system real-time performance. This assessment method could improve the design efficiency and the final analysis result is more accurate and practical by considering the effects of the event-triggered messages worst-case delay and failure probability.
Network reliability allocation method based on heuristic algorithm
Li Ruiying, Ren Wuyue
2012, (2): 228-232.
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As network structure is difficult to be described with series and parallel models. Those traditional reliability allocation methods cannot be used by networks directly. A new method based on heuristic algorithm was advanced to solve the k/N terminal reliability allocation problem. Like advisory group on reliability of electronic equipment(AGREE) method, the new method also concerns about component importance and complexity. The component importance was calculated by taking partial derivatives of the function that relates component reliabilities to network reliability. The component complexity depends on the parts number which it owns. It solves the problem that the network reliability cannot be allocated by AGREE method with simple series models. This new method was applied to China education and research network (CERNET) backbone. Its reliability requirement, the connection probability among 75% of nodes, was allocated. It also discussed the affection to reliability allocation if some parameters, such as iteration termination value and network reliability requirements, shift. The curve of reliability over time verifies that the allocation results can meet reliability requirement of CERNET. The case study illustrates the applicability and correctness of this new allocation method.
Pseudo-life-based test method of mechanism consistency boundary for accelerated degradation testing
Lin Fengchun, Wang Qiancheng, Chen Yunxia, Kang Rui
2012, (2): 233-238.
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A pseudo-life-based test method of mechanism consistency boundary for accelerated degradation testing was proposed, according to mechanism consistency condition for lifetime random variables. Based on the pseudo life estimates, an F statistic was established to test the homogeneity of degradation mechanism characteristic parameters, where the characteristic parameter is logarithm standard deviation for log-normal distribution and shape parameter for Weibull distribution. And the exact rejection region was given. Using the F statistic, mechanism consistency test was done level by level from lower to higher, until the consistency condition was unsatisfied or the pseudo life estimates at all levels had been analyzed. Then, the stress level of mechanism consistency boundary was determined. This method can make good use of the transverse information from the degradation mechanism consistency between different accelerated stress levels, and effectively increase test precision. It has been used to determine the thermal degradation mechanism consistency boundary temperature for a coating flat glass, and the results show the rationality and validity of the presented method.
Estimation of salt-pepper noise in images in wavelet domain
Li Tianyi, Wang Minghui, Lin Tao, Yu Wensen
2012, (2): 239-243,251.
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A novel approach was proposed for estimating the density of salt-pepper noise in images using wavelet transform. On the basis of the fact that the wavelet coefficients of all natural images conform to stable and close distribution, as well as such distribution of the noisy image may be influenced by the noise, the proposed algorithm exhibits how the wavelet coefficients magnitude histogram of the noisy image deviates from that of original image along with the density of the salt-pepper noise in quantitative form, and indicates that the degree of such deviation is nearly determined by the noise density, i.e., the change relation is robust to image traits. The proposed algorithm thus takes advantage of this relation to make estimation. Compared with those of existing methods, simulation results show that the proposed approach has more exact estimation value and less deviation.
Testing of ignition delay of second pulse of soft-clapboard dual-pulse motor
Cao Xiwei, Ren Junxue, Wang Changhui, Liu Yu
2012, (2): 244-246.
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When doing the experiment of soft-clapboard dual-pulse motor, the delay time of the second pulse ignition was found exceeding the requirement. In order to improve the status, the experiments in terms of the quantity of ignition powder and the thickness of the soft-clapboard were carried out. The results show that increasing the ignition powder will promote the rupture of the clapboard and the release of the energy, and increasing clapboard thickness will not rupture the clapboard hopefully, and decrease the performance of motor. At last, according to the characteristic of the soft-clapboard dual-pulse motor, improving from the above two terms, the motor ignition can attain a good condition.
Adaptive sampling method of face gear tooth surface
Zhang Li, Ding Zhiyao, Wang Yanzhong
2012, (2): 247-251.
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Digitizing of face gear tooth surface is one of the key technologies on the tooth surface measurement. Aiming at the sampling of tooth surface on CMM(coordinate measuring machine), a method to determine the quantity of the sampling mesh points according to given precision was presented. The boundary lines of sampling mesh were adapted firstly and the initial sampling mesh could be achieved by the method of cutting-planes. According to the given quantity of the sampling mesh points, there was iterative computation for the initial sampling mesh by the adaptive sampling algorithm based on the measure of curvature, and then the adaptive programming method of face gear tooth surface was developed.
Analysis on ionospheric delay correction method of space-borne single-frequency GPS data
Qu Xiaochuan, Li Zhenghang, Gong Xiaoying
2012, (2): 252-256.
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With the technology of standard point positioning based on C/A code received by low earth orbit(LEO), one of the ionospheric delay correction method,the method of ionospheric scale factor, was discussed. The computed ionospheric scale factor α using the mean and instantaneous value of F2 region maximum electron density height is 0.3~0.4 and 0.2~0.65 respectively, and the maximum difference between them reaches to 0.3. Comparatively, the latter coincides with the reality better, and it reduces the systematic error in the geodetic height direction by 0.05~0.3m. With the comparison to the standard point positioning based on ionosphere free combination of the dual-frequency code measurements, the method could eliminate the systematic error in geodetic height induced by the first order of ionospheric delay. And the method could adapt to the LEO altitudes of about 200~ 600km, but it's useless at the altitudes more than 700km.
Theory and method of creating dual network model in network planning
Su Zhixiong, Li Xingmei, Qi Jianxun
2012, (2): 257-262.
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Aiming at problem that existing network planning model incarnates specific time and path length prominently instead of its core float and path length difference, which makes obstacles common exist when using the model in practice, dual model of network planning model was founded by using dual theory. Firstly, path length theorem was deduced by analyzing relation between float and path length; Secondly, based on path length theorem, dual network model was founded by using dual theory, and its properties were analyzed; Thirdly, dual equivalence property of network planning was revealed by using the model; Finally, the model was validated and illuminated by illustration. The dual network model incarnates float and path length difference prominently, which makes network planning have more prominent pertinence and validity.
Moving object detection using motion enhancement and color distribution comparison
Guo Jiang, Gu Duoyu, Li Shuxiao, Chang Hongxing
2012, (2): 263-267,272.
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To detect moving objects from videos taken by unmanned aerial vehicles, an approach using motion and color cues was proposed. It adopted the forward motion history image to enhance the independent moving information and suppress the noises in background areas, enabling the candidate moving regions to be extracted entirely. Then, an iterative local color distribution comparison based the method was developed to remove the background pixels contained by each candidate region, insuring each moving object to be extracted precisely. Thus, the cost of computation is saved, and the miss rate and false alarm rate can be cut down prominently. Experimental results with several aerial videos demonstrate the performance and the robustness of the proposed method.
Optimization of non-local impedance parameters of viscoelastic materials
Fan Zhenzhen, Wang Tongqing, Yang Mingsui
2012, (2): 268-272.
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The context was devoted to the construction of a basic algebraic model for calculating non-local acoustic impedance matrix about acoustic scattering problem. A sphere laid by a certain kind of viscoelastic material was waken for example. The globally convergent method of moving asymptotes (GCMMA) was applied to optimize the parameters of the non-local acoustic impedance model and was verified. The results show that the basic algebraic model can be used to calculate the surface non-local acoustic impedance of the sphere laid viscoelastic materials. This conclusion will provide an effective research method for studying acoustic scattering of other underwater targets laid viscoelastic materials.
Algorithm based on continuous data stream for dynamic gesture recognition
Zheng Wei, Shen Xukun
2012, (2): 273-279.
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For the purpose of recognizing the sequence of dynamic gesture made by operator, a method was presented based on continuous data streams sampled from data glove, which used singular value decomposition (SVD) to eliminating noise and extracting features. The characteristics of physiology about joint bend was applied making user-dependent information be culled. A set of gesture template which across different users was set up. The template which gives a complete description of gesture's feature and generalizes it is therefore user-independent. Based on Hill Climbing heuristic, these streams were separated into action sequences, then a similarity measurement using Euclidian distance was adopted in real time between all segments and templates on a hierarchy search tree built in advance. The sequences segmented by this method are accuracy and suitable for multi users. The effectiveness of this approach for identifying dynamic gesture was verified by two empirical experiments which using 5DT data glove.
Automatic recognition of hyperspectral image based on spectral knowledge
Niu Zhiyu, Zhao Huijie
2012, (2): 280-284.
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In order to solve the problems of current methods for mineral recognition from hyperspectral data, such as the requirement for prior information, the failure to make full use of absorption features and the lack of the automation of recognition process, an automatic recognition approach based on the spectral knowledge was proposed. The spectral knowledge library including the spectral information and absorption features was generated as the recognition standard, in which the absorption features were enhanced by removing the continuum of image spectra and library spectra as well. The decision method was proposed based on the major and minor absorption features, and a multi-constraint criterion was established to improve the recognition accuracy and avoid the false recognition. The accuracy evaluation of the proposed approach was performed on the simulated data and the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data as well. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy reaches 80.3% when the signal-to-noise of image is higher than 200. Fine results with the high accuracy are obtained by the proposed approach, and the mineral automatic recognition from hyperspectral data is achieved simultaneously.

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