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2015 Vol. 41, No. 10

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Model analysis of bistatic scattering from randomly rough surfaces
CHEN Kunshan, LI Zhaoliang, LIU Yu
2015, 41(10): 1765-1776. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0205
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Model analysis was presented of bistatic scattering features from randomly rough surfaces theoretically. In particular, a statistical advanced integral equation model (AIEM) was selected as the working model. The scattering coefficients in the location of the dip in azimuthal plane were investigated for different roughness scale. Theoretical predictions of scattering coefficients were illustrated, demonstrated, and validated by comparisons with numerical simulations, and measurements. The results show that the dip location or region is both rough and polarization dependent. Simulation results offer deeper physical insights into the scattering features of statistically rough surface and thus are useful or even vital for designing future and yet more effective bistatic measurement configurations.
RF characteristics of multiple-gap resonant cavity for sheet beam extended interaction klystron
RUAN Cunjun, DAI Jun, CHEN Shuyuan, LI Renjie, ZHAN Min
2015, 41(10): 1777-1784. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0207
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The sheet beam extended interaction klystron (SBEIK) has the typical and attractive characteristics with the plan structural multiple-gap cavity and extended beam-wave interaction system. A type of novel miniaturization strong-coupling five-gap extended resonant cavity was investigated combined with the design of W-band SBEIK, which was compared with the traditional weak-coupling five-gap resonant and output cavity. The obtained characteristics shows that the strong-coupling five-gap cavity may have many advantages of resonant mode separation, radio frequency (RF) fields coupling in the gap and RF energy exporting, etc. Then, the degeneracy mode competition for the strong-coupling five-gap cavity was studied due to its axial period structures. The result shows that the frequency interval between the work mode and vicinal non-working mode is above 600MHz, which is higher enough than the required 100MHz bandwidth for the SBEIK. Finally, the 3D particle in cell (PIC) simulation software was used to calculate the beam-wave interaction for the strong-coupling five-gap extended output cavity, the expected high output power was observed with the corresponding performance and favorable stability. Thus, the research is very important for the physical design and engineering development of the SBEIK in the millimeter-wave and terahertz band with high power output radiation later.
Application of dispersion characteristics of periodic structures for high frequency vacuum devices
FENG Jinjun, CAI Jun, HU Yinfu, WU Xianping
2015, 41(10): 1785-1791. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0209
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As the key component of vacuum electron device (VED), slow wave structure is a kind of periodic structure, whose dispersion properties can be presented as the sum of an infinite number of space harmonic wave. Each space harmonic wave exits as a dispersion curve with its characteristic. We proposed the idea of the full use of dispersion properties of periodic structures for high frequency vacuum power devices, and carried out the research on folded waveguide (FWG) slow wave structure, which was comparable with MEMS technology. The dispersion curve was analyzed, and was used for different kind of traditional devices including travelling wave tubes (TWTs), backward wave oscillator (BWO) and band-edge oscillators (BO). In addition, over-mode TWTs and TWT harmonic amplifier in THz (THAT) were proposed as novel devices. All the experimental investigation was focused on W-band and frequencies above, and the key technologies and the specifications obtained from these devices were given.
Fast electromagnetic simulation of characteristics of radome-antenna system in receiving mode
HE Mang, LIU Jinbo, WANG Binbin, XU Xiaowen, ZHANG Chuanfang, SUN Houjun
2015, 41(10): 1792-1800. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0212
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An efficient hybrid approach, which combines the full-wave and high-frequency method, i.e., the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) based volume-surface integral equation (VSIE) and the modified surface integration (MSI) method, was proposed to analyze the electromagnetic characteristics of the electrically large radome-antenna system in receiving mode. The MSI method determined the transmitted field distributions through the radome firstly and treated the fields as the excited source of the antennas, and then the MLFMA accelerated VSIE solver was used to analyze the antennas accurately. The method employed spherical harmonic expansion, preconditioner and hybrid parallel techniques to further improve the calculation efficiency of the algorithm. This new IE/MSI+MLFMA method has reasonable accuracy and dramatically reduces the computational time and improves the efficiency when compared to the conventional full-wave numerical methods, and produces fast and efficient simulation of electrically large antenna-radome system.
Characteristics of hexapolarized MIMO channel in two-mirror channel
PIAO Dazhi, CHEN Peng
2015, 41(10): 1801-1806. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0215
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To study the effect of multipath richness in the two-mirror channel on the characteristics of the hexapolarized multiple-input multiple-output (HPMIMO) channel, a co-located and orthogonal dual-polarized antenna was designed, composed of an electric dipole and an electric loop working at 28GHz, based on which a virtual HPMIMO antenna was constructed. From the computation results, it is seen that with the reduction of the angle between the two reflection planes, the richness of the multipath increases gradually, and the capacity gain of the HPMIMO channel over the single-polarized channel gets large correspondingly, which can achieve 2.47-5.10. If the angle between the two planes is 0°, the capacity of the HPMIMO in the two-mirror channel is larger than that in the free space (FS) and other channel with little multipath by 30%-45%. Furthermore, in both of the FS channel and the two-mirror channel, the HPMIMO channel matrix can obtain 6 non-zero eigenvalues, but some of them are very small and may approach zero if the multipath are not sufficiently rich. Thus, in order to get a high multiplexing and diversity gain, the multi-polarized MIMO antenna should be used in a rich multipath environment.
Optimum design of calibration device for field mill type electric field sensor based on finite element method
CUI Yong, YUAN Haiwen, ZHAO Luxing, HU Duo
2015, 41(10): 1807-1812. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0783
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Field mill type electric field sensors are widely used to measure the total electric field at ground level under the high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines. The size of the traditional calibration device is extremely large and it is not very convenient to move for outdoor measurement usage. To overcome this disadvantage, a new kind of reduced scale calibration device with preferable portability was elaborated applied in measurement of the total electric field at ground level under the high voltage direct current transmission lines. The finite element analysis method was employed to establish the three dimensional model of the electric field sensor calibration device. The numerical simulation analysis based on the finite element method was made with the respect to the dimension and structure and other key parameters for the portable calibration device. The structure parameter of the calibration device was optimally designed based on the simulation result. In addition, the reduced-scale portable calibration device was compared with the traditional calibration device by experiments. Based on the experimental and the simulation results, the proposed portable device demonstrates that it can accomplish the accurate and flexible demands of the electric field calibration.
Thermal aware floor planning timing optimal method for buffer insertion
WANG Xinsheng, HAN Liang, YU Mingyan
2015, 41(10): 1813-1820. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0809
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With the integration degree of integrated circuit (IC) is increasingly high, the heat on a chip is also growing, which leads to an uneven temperature distribution intra-die and affects the propagation delay of the critical path thereby affecting the performance of buffer insertion path. A buffer insertion timing optimization method which considered the heat distribution condition optimization floor-planning was proposed. It estimates the temperature and heat distribution of chip in the early stages of layout design and is applied to layout optimization floor-planning. The thermal aware floor planning based on simulated annealing algorithm was used to adjust and optimize planning, and then we made an optimization for timing by proposed buffer insertion model and fast buffer insertion algorithm. Simulation results show that the use of the proposed buffer insertion delay optimization method can effectively reduce the worst delay and the number of buffer insertion, worst delay is 9%-18% lower than traditional methods, 5%-7% lower than the best method shown in reference, and the insertion buffer numbers are 10 to 20 less than its.
Method for EMC antenna factor temperature error correction
HE Yang, SU Donglin, LI Yan, ZHAO Zihua, LIU Hongyi
2015, 41(10): 1821-1829. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0746
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In order to reduce the influence of the outfield environmental temperature and improve the measuring precision of electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) test equipment, a method for antenna factor temperature error correction was presented. Firstly, according to the principle of two antenna calibration with 1m distance, the antenna receiving characteristic influenced by temperature control device made by radome material under the condition of near field was theoretically deduced. Combined with the simulation analysis and test results proved that the test error can be controlled in the permitted range by using the temperature control device. Secondly, on this basis the antenna factor variation with temperature and temperature error correction surface for typical antenna was obtainedby the actual test. In the end, the method was verified by comparing the test result uder standard conditions with the test result under the open area test site (OATS) condition. The results prove that this method can expand the environmental temperature range of use from -40℃ to 50℃ by antenna factor temperature error correction on the premise of not reducing measurement precision, and suitable for the antenna factor temperature error correction in EMC double cone antenna and log periodic antenna and the double ridged horn antenna, etc.
Improved eigenfilter-based time-domain wideband beamforming
WANG Jianshu, FAN Yangyu, DU Rui, LYU Guoyun
2015, 41(10): 1830-1835. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0778
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An improved eigenfilter-based wideband beamforming method with frequency invariance and nulls was proposed. Based on the optimization model formed by maximum energy array cost function and linear constraints of array response in main great direction, array spatial response variation was integrated into the cost function to achieve frequency invariance. Two methods, integrating the extended sidelobe energy into cost function and using linear constraints of array response in the direction of inference, were designed to achieve nulls, so that two new constraint optimization models were formed, which could be solved by eigenfilter. Simulation results show that frequency invariance and nulls of beam response are achieved at the specified angle region in the frequency passband, and the gain of the sidelobe is small, the effectiveness and satisfactory performance of the proposed method are proved.
Study on current-tuning-induced intensity noise in resonator integrated optic gyro
ZHI Yinzhou, FENG Lishuang, WANG Junjie, TANG Yichuang
2015, 41(10): 1836-1841. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0780
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Resonator integrated optic gyro (RIOG) employing laser diode (LD) is beneficial to miniaturization developing. However, when the frequency of the LD is tuned by current, accompany intensity noise is produced. Influence of current-tuning-induced intensity noise on the open-loop RIOG was theoretically analyzed; linear relationship between frequency locking position and output intensity of the LD was obtained. Subsequently, method of the intensity noise elimination was proposed based on the frequency locking position. Intensity fluctuation of the LD was monitored in real time by the frequency locking position. Compensation coefficients were calculated according to the monitor values, and they were used to compensate the gyro output. Finally, theoretical model that suppressing the current-tuning-induced intensity noise was set up, and the experiments were demonstrated, in which the bias stability of the RIOG was improved from 0.768(°)/s to 0.103(°)/s.
Antenna array layout optimization of collaborative passive millimeter-wave imaging system
SHANG Xiaozhou, SUN Peng, HU Anyong, MIAO Jungang
2015, 41(10): 1842-1847. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0811
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Based on the advantages of phased array and synthetic aperture imaging method in passive millimeter-wave imaging, a collaborative passive millimeter-wave imaging system was developed for real-time and high resolution imaging in human security application. In the horizontal orientation, by applying annealing algorithm, different aperture horn antennas were determined for the improvement of the phased array performance, which was generally compared with the maximum main beam effective and most smoothable sidelobe level. In vertical orientation, the synthetic aperture, namely, the sparse antenna array was designed by the criterion of the most uniform redundant baseline, while baseline absence should be avoided. Finally, simulation results reveal that with the optimized antenna array the requirement of increasing singal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in power measurement in the collaborative passive imaging system can be fulfilled.
Analysis of electromagnetic multi-scale structure and non-linear effects
MAO Yuru, XIE Yongjun
2015, 41(10): 1848-1852. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0210
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The microstructures and the electrical contact property may affect the performance of the macro scale objects, and the passive intermodulation (PIM) problems cannot be directly calculated by frequency-domain methods. Firstly, the Floquet's theorem combined with the full-wave method was proposed to analyze the electrical performance of the multi-scale structure with periodic microstructures. Secondly, an equivalent circuit model of non-linear metallic junctions coupled with full-wave frequency domain method was adopted to analyze the PIM problems of multi-scale structure. The numerical results show that the method proposed can evaluate the influence of microstructure on the performance of macrostructure, and eliminate the accumulation of computational error appeared in the time domain method which is unacceptable in electrically large objects.
Analysis and optimization of active tunable microwave absorber
QI Kainan, WANG Yongfeng, HOU Xinyu, CHEN Junwen
2015, 41(10): 1853-1858. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0211
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In order to improve the limited band of passive radar absorbing materials, an active tunable microwave absorber was designed based on transmission line theory. The absorber was a planar structure based upon the topology of a Salisbury screen, but in which the conventional resistive layer was replaced by an active frequency selective surface (FSS) controlled by PIN diodes. Measured data of reflectivity are presented and show that the reflectivity response of the absorber can be controlled by changing bias current. When bias current changes from 0 to 0.5mA, the optimal absorbing frequency can be controlled over the frequency band from 7GHz to 12.5GHz. A double polarization tunable microwave absorber is optimized based on genetic algorithm, simulation results show that the reflectivity response of the absorber can be controlled over the frequency band from 5.6GHz to 17.6GHz.
Research on radio coverage generated by antennas in confined space
LI Dawei, WANG Junhong, HE Xianshi
2015, 41(10): 1859-1866. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0213
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Efficient radio wave coverage in confined space is one of the foundation factors to guarantee quality and reliability of communication which is important for the layout and optimization of the antenna system. However, the existing researches rarely consider the effect of the antenna parameters on field coverage in confined space. The research status and methods of radio wave coverage in confined space, aimed at railway tunnel, were reviewed. Then the deterministic models for field coverage prediction in the railway tunnel were adopted which were ray tracing method, modal method and parabolic equation method. By combining these methods, the effect of the antenna beam width, beam direction and fixed position in the cross section of the tunnel were analyzed. Then the field coverage characteristics in different regions were analyzed. At last, a three slopes propagation model was proposed for studying the field coverage characteristics in confined space. The method and model can provide the theoretical basis and a reference for antenna design and layout optimization in the tunnels.
Error analysis of equivalence principle algorithm on different equivalence surfaces
DANG Xunwang, LI Maokun, YANG Fan, XU Shenheng
2015, 41(10): 1867-1872. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0214
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Equivalence principle algorithm (EPA) is a domain decomposition algorithm based on the Huygens' equivalence principle to solve large scale scattering problems. The errors of the equivalence principle operator (EPO) in EPA using cubic, spherical and smooth cubic equivalence surfaces were analyzed to find the source of errors. The sources of the error were investigated and a simple scheme to improve its accuracy was developed. From the numerical examples, it shows that the error of equivalent magnetic current is mainly concentrated on geometrical discontinuity of the equivalence surface, and affected by both the discontinuity of the normal vector on the equivalence surface and the choice of basis functions. Therefore it is suggested to choose smooth equivalence surfaces if possible rather than to use cubic ones directly.
Aircraft radar stealth test and evaluation technology and progress
XIAO Zhihe, GAO Chao, BAI Yang, YUAN Xiaofeng
2015, 41(10): 1873-1879. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0220
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Weapon equipment stealth is comprehensive. Stealth performance becomes one of the most important combat skills. Stealth testing and evaluation is an important indicator and indispensable link to realize the equipment stealth performance, involving stealth equipment from the design verification,design scheme selection, parts and machine maintenance stealth effect evaluation, maintenance and other life-cycle test. Aircraft radar stealth performance measurement system was reviewed and the evaluation method, the typical test range and measurement technology progress at home and abroad were introduced, the latest low scattering diagnostic test technology was studied and the analysis of electromagnetic characteristics testing technology for the future development trend was also forecasting.
Several fundamental challenges of millimeter-to-terahertz electron cyclotron devices
DU Chaohai, LUO Li, LIU Pukun
2015, 41(10): 1880-1886. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0231
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It is always an important tendency of the electronic power devices to explore and develop electromagnetic radiation sources operating on higher frequency and with higher power capability. The cyclotron electron device which was developed based on the mechanism of the electron cyclotron maser and with the excellent advantage of radiating high power in millimeter-to-terahertz range was introduced. It systematically discussed about the fundamental challenges encountered by the electron cyclotron devices, including the strong ohmic dissipation problem, the mode competition problem, and the unavoidable dependency on operating with strong magnetic field. Finally, it was proposed that, on the basis of fully exploring the physical mechanism of the mode competition, to develop higher order mode circuit and higher harmonic interaction system would be very helpful to realize the high power, high efficiency and high stability cyclotron electron devices, which is of important reference for guiding devices development towards terahertz band.
High frequency characteristics for W-band multiple beam staggered double-vane traveling wave tube amplifier
ZHANG Muwu, RUAN Cunjun
2015, 41(10): 1887-1893. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0074
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A new micro-structure scheme was proposed by using three parallel pencil beams instead of the sheet beam for the W-band staggered double vane traveling wave tube amplifier, and detailed analysis and optimization were given for the high frequency characteristic with its input/output couplers. The results show that the structures have a good dispersion characteristic and very broad working bandwidth, the strong component of longitudinal electric field is very benefit to the interaction and exchange of the energy between the electron beam and the high frequency field. Keep the diameter of the pencil beam tunnel as the same of the height of the sheet beam tunnel, the interaction impedance of the structures can achieve 2-3 times as high as the sheet beam scheme to obtain the high interaction efficiency and high output power. In order to match the staggered double-vane high frequency system, we present a more simple and easy input/output coupler structure. Just using three periods of transition structures, the input/output structures of the traveling wave tube amplifier can achieve a low reflection loss below the -20dB in a broad bandwidth with more suitable application in the devices later.
Neutron single event effects testing and evaluation method for avionics
XUE Haihong, WANG Qunyong, CHEN Dongmei, CHEN Yu, YANG Hui, LI Hongjun
2015, 41(10): 1894-1901. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0776
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The atmospheric neutron radiation reliability parameters, such as hard failure, hard error and soft error for avionics neutron single event effect (NSEE) were defined. A set of testing and evaluation method to demonstrate the avionics NSEE-resistance capability was presented and verified by a case study on some aircraft satellite navigation receiver NSEE testing and evaluation. The testing and evaluation method included test stress determination method on ending condition and starting condition, MNSEE prediction method, test procedures, testing and evaluation method, etc. This case study verifies that the NSEE testing and evaluation method for avionics is practical, operational and effective in the engineering application. The NSEE sensitivity features of DSP, SRAM and FPGA in aircraft satellite navigation receiver may provide pinpointed technical support for NSEE mitigation and protection for the related NSEE failure. The theoretical and application foundation is paved for atmospheric neutron single event effects testing and evaluation for avionics in China. In the meantime, it provides important and valuable reference for the atmospheric NSEE testing and evaluation for other electronic and information products in China.
Avionic devices fault diagnosis based on fusion method of rough set and D-S theory
SUN Weichao, LI Wenhai, LI Wenfeng
2015, 41(10): 1902-1909. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0030
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In order to solve the conflict of multi-sources information in the fault diagnosis process of avionics electric equipment, a method based on rough set theory and evidence theory for fault diagnosis was proposed. Because both rough set theory and evidence theory had advantages in dealing with uncertainty problems. The method proposed converted diagnostic data to mass function which was needed in evidence theory in order to fuse results with rough set theory. Meanwhile, the method defined boundary rough entropy, got dynamic weight parameters which reflected the significance of every information source used in fusion process with the entropy and improve the rule for conflicting evidence combination. The experiment shows that the method improves the fusion results' accuracy of diagnostic information effectively and has a good practical value in process of avionics electric fault diagnosis.
Many-objective optimization based on sub-objective evolutionary algorithm
LEI Yuyao, JIANG Wenzhi, LIU Lijia, MA Xiangling
2015, 41(10): 1910-1917. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0706
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many-objective optimization is widely used in engineering area. There are some flaws to deal with many-objective optimization problem which the number of objectives exceeded three. The method which could chose proper individual solution is very crucial to solve high-dimension many-objective optimization problem. A sub-objective evolutionary algorithm (SOEA) was put forward to solve this problem. It was given in an abstract way to get the non-dominance solutions of high-dimension many-objective optimization problem. Firstly, the value of sub-objective function was sorted, and then partial Pareto non-dominance solutions of evolutional set were obtained quickly. By using the information of sorting, it could reduce the times of solution comparison in evolutional set and could get the solutions quickly. A uniform difference Minkowski distance algorithm and "k-neighbor" strategy were applied to compute fitness function. By using this method, it could improve the convergence speed to approach Pareto non-dominance solutions. Compared with the algorithms which can solve many-objective optimization problem for computing standard testing functions, it was showed the better performance of the SOEA algorithm.
Carrier tracking algorithm based on bandwidth optimization
MU Weiqing, LIU Rongke, SONG Qingping, DUAN Ruifeng
2015, 41(10): 1918-1924. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0715
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In the existing high dynamic weak signal carrier tracking algorithm, frequency locked loops (FLL) auxiliary phase locked loops (PLL) carrier tracking algorithm has the problem that the loop adjusted discontinuously, and easily lost lock. More optimal combination FLL with PLL algorithm and transition process of combination loop were given, threshold for state transition was determined. Aiming at the problem that bandwidth adjustment is not accurate, the optimal PLL loop bandwidth and the bandwidth adjustment strategy were confirmed, the loop bandwidth was adjusted in real-time. In the presence of jerk cases and signal-to-noise ration is 3dB, the tracking error is around 3Hz.
Annotations and consistency detection for Chinese dual-mode emotional speech database
JING Shaoling, MAO Xia, CHEN Lijiang, ZHANG Nana
2015, 41(10): 1925-1934. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0771
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To solve problem of lacking emotional speech database with rich emotion annotation information, a Chinese dual-mode emotional speech database which contained speech and Electroglottography (EGG) information was established. Annotation and consistency detection for the established database were conducted. Firstly, we designed detailed annotation rules and methods according to characteristics of emotional speech database and selected 5 annotators labeling emotional speech database in accordance with the rules. Secondly, in order to ensure annotation quality of emotional speech database and test the integrity of annotation rules, annotators labeled parts of utterances as a test before the official annotation, the test material comprises 280 sentences (seven emotions×two actors×twenty sentences). Finally, according to the speech annotation rules, we designed corresponding consistency detection algorithm. The results show that within the time error range of 5 ms, the annotation consistency for the same utterances which labeled by 5 annotators reaches more than 60% on average. When the time error range increased to 8 ms and 10 ms, consistency can be increased by 5% and 8% on average. The experiment indicates that 5 annotators are more consistent in understanding speech. The annotation rules we designed are more complete. The quality of emotional speech database is higher.
Online sketch recognition for mixed point and irregular military symbols
DENG Wei, WU Lingda, ZHANG Yougen, ZHAO Zhipeng
2015, 41(10): 1935-1942. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0826
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Most of current research on online sketched military symbols recognition concerns only one type of symbols, point symbols or irregular symbols, using different methods to recognize separately. But in practical applications the two types of symbols are mixed. It becomes a major issue to find a way to recognize a type-unknown military symbol. A minimum spanning tree (MST) covering model-based mixed recognition method was proposed. In the training phase, two MST-based covering models were built for point and irregular symbols respectively. And then a two-class support vector machine (SVM) classifier was trained. In the recognition phase, the coarse type identification was accomplished by using the geometrical and structural information firstly. Then the confidence estimations were calculated and integrated to identify the type of the unknown symbol. Different types of symbols were classified by two existing modules. The algorithm was tested on 113 classes of point symbols and 36 classes of irregular symbols. The accuracy rate of symbol type identification was 94.7%, and the final recognition rate was 91.6% in real time.
GNSS-R delay mapping processing method based on block averaging pre-processing
WANG Feng, YANG Dongkai, LI Weiqiang, ZHANG Yanzhong
2015, 41(10): 1943-1949. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0040
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To improve signal-to-noise ratio of global navigation satellite system reflected signals, a method of processing navigation satellites reflected signal based on block averaging pre-processing (BAP) was presented, which divided the received signals into blocks with period of pseudocode and achieved the mean values of blocks by superposition and averaging, and then performed the correlation process for the mean values. On the basis, the model of reflected signal which processed by BAP was theoretically analyzed; the mathematical expression of processing gain of signal reflected by specular point and correlation power model were derived; computational complexity of this method was compared with one of traditional method. The conclusion is that this method conducts the spatial filtering for reflected signals, improves signal-to-noise ratio and effectively reduces computational complexity. At last, a software receiver was developed to process coastal raw GPS data collected. The results show that when the BAP time are 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20ms, the method improves about 3.5, 6.7, 10.2, 10.6 and 10.4dB on signal-noise ratio of peak and reduces the processing time by about 2.2 times, with BAP being 10ms, compared with the traditional method.
SMC-PHD algorithm based on squared cubature particles
LIU Zhe, WANG Zulin, XU Mai, LIU Jingxian, YANG Lan
2015, 41(10): 1950-1958. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0100
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Most of the conventional sequential Monte Carlo probability hypothesis density (SMC-PHD) approaches adopt the state transition density as importance sampling function. When targets are with nonlinear motions, such a selection makes few particles with large weights, leading to inaccurate estimation and particle divergence. To avoid such problems, a novel importance sampling function approximation approach with the squared cubature Kalman filter (SCKF) and statistical gating method was proposed. To design such an importance sampling function, the mean and covariance of importance sampling function were predicted at first. Then, the statistical gating method were utilized to extract observations associated with the importance sampling particle from the current observation set. Merging the extracted observations with corresponding weights, the mean and covariance of importance sampling function were updated. Using the designed importance sampling function, the intensity of particles can be predicted and updated, according to the conventional SMC-PHD method. At last, the states and number of multi-target can be approximated by the intensity of particles. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach has the advantages of high accuracy and stable estimation in nonlinear target tracking.
Architecture of unified network based on programmable control gateway
LIU Feng, WANG Yufei
2015, 41(10): 1959-1965. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0708
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Due to the long-term coexistence of Internet Protocol (IP) and non-IP networks, there exist interconnection and interworking difficulties in heterogeneous networks for the difference of network architectures and protocols. Focusing on the gateway, the key node of heterogeneous networks interconnection, a unified network architecture based on programmable gateway is proposed to solve this problem, which separated the control plane from the data forwarding plane and extracted the combination of the management and control functionality and application service. The unified network architecture divides the network into three layers, which were unified network collaborative management and control unit, programmable gateway, and heterogeneous subnet. The interconnection protocol stack for the typical heterogeneous networks is designed to integrate different protocols. Then the key techniques and theory for the programmable gateway are given and analyzed based on the unified network architecture, including the abstraction and description of heterogeneous networks, intelligent adaptation technology based on programmable gateway, resource management and optimization of unified network, etc. Finally, a typical application case of interconnection networks in civil aviation is given as an illustration to demonstrate the proposed network architecture.
Constructing general cube to be aware of network security situation
WEN Zhicheng, Chen Zhigang
2015, 41(10): 1966-1974. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2015.0010
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Abstract:
Concerning the problems of limited current network security situation assessment scope, single information source, higher time and space complexity and larger deviation of the accuracy, a method was put forward to construct general cube, which can be aware of the network security situation. The continuous situation factor data monitored can be pretreated by discretizing by "3σ rule" and aggregated in the general built cube, that fused into component security situation vertically and merged into the network security situation from component security situation using statistical methods horizontally. It can provide reliable reference to enhance network security. Finally, making full use of network data, the network security situation awareness model and algorithm proposed are verified and the experimental results show correctness of this method.

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