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摘要:
针对应用于航空发动机的高速气膜镶装式浮环密封, 探究密封在不同结构参数、启动方式、材料结合等多因素下的开启性能。建立镶装环-石墨环-跑道的固体域模型和气膜流体域模型, 得到了工作气膜厚度、气膜流场压力分布；计算密封受力, 得到了密封上浮力、闭合力和开启转速等密封开启性能参数。分析镶装环与石墨环的厚度比和宽度比、镶装环-石墨环配对材料、镶装环-跑道配对材料等因素对密封开启转速的影响。搭建浮环密封试验台和浮环位移监测系统, 通过试验验证了数值模拟结果。研究结果表明：浮环的镶装结构能有效改善升温时石墨环与跑道间隙减小而导致密封失效的问题；镶装环材料是影响密封开启性能的敏感参数, 密封开启性能随材料线膨胀系数的升高而快速降低；镶装环与跑道的材料配对情况是影响密封开启性能的重要因素, 镶装环与跑道材料相同时, 石墨环与跑道处于“恒间隙”状态, 在复杂温度工况下密封的开启性能更加稳定；不同的工作机组启动方式对密封开启性能影响较大, 发动机采用将转速增加至工况转速再增压的启动方式时密封开启性能最好；浮环密封在高转速、高压力工况下因转速、压力变化产生的密封扰动值更大, 浮环密封应避免在较高压力和转速下长时间调节工况参数。研究结果为航空发动机镶装式浮环密封的结构设计、材料选用、系统设计的研究提供了参考。
Abstract:This study investigates the inlaid floating ring seal with high-speed gas films in aeroengines, focusing on the opening performance of the seal with different structural parameters, starting modes, and material combinations. The solid domain model and the gas film fluid domain numerical analysis model of the inlay ring-graphite ring-runway are established, and the working gas film thickness and the pressure distribution of the gas film flow field are obtained. By calculating the seal force, the seal opening performance parameters, such as buoyancy, closing force and opening speed, are obtained. This study analyzes the effects of many factors on seal opening speed, such as the inlay-graphite ring thickness ratio and width ratio, and material matchings between the inlay and graphite rings and between the inlay ring and runway.A floating ring seal test bench and a floating ring displacement monitoring system are built, and the numerical simulation results are verified by experiments. Results show that the inlaid structure of the floating ring can effectively improve the sealing failure caused by the decrease of the gap between the graphite ring and runway when temperature rises. The material of the insert ring is a sensitive parameter, which affects the opening performance of seals. This performance decreases rapidly with the increase of the linear expansion coefficient of the material. The material matching between the inlay ring and runway is an important factor for the opening performance. When the inlay ring and runway have the same material, the graphite ring and runway are in a state with a "constant gap", and the opening performance of the seal is more stable at complex temperatures. Results also show that start-up mode has great influence on the opening performance of seals, and that this performance is best when the engine is started by increasing the speed to the working speed and then pressurized. Therefore, floating ring seals should avoid adjusting operating parameters for a long time with higher pressure and speed. The results provide a basis for structural design, material selection and system design of the inlaid floating ring seal for aircraft engines.
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Key words:
- bearing cavity seal /
- floating ring seal /
- opening characteristics /
- constant gap /
- operation stability
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图 4 固体域模型和气膜流体域模型及其网格分布
Figure 4. Solid domain model and gas film fluid domain model and their grid distribution
图 8 镶装环与石墨环厚度比和开启转速关系
Figure 8. Relationship between inlay-graphite ring thickness ratio and opening speed
图 9 镶装环与石墨环宽度比和开启转速关系
Figure 9. Relationship between inlay-graphite ring width ratio and opening speed
图 10 镶装环-石墨环配对材料和开启转速关系
Figure 10. Relationship between matching material of graphite-inlay ring and opening speed
图 11 镶装环-跑道配对材料和开启转速关系
Figure 11. Relationship between matching material of inlay ring and runway and opening speed
图 13 转速为1 000 r/min，2 000 r/min，3 000 r/min下扰动值
Figure 13. Disturbance values at speed of 1 000 r/min, 2 000 r/min and 3 000 r/min
图 14 转速为4 000 r/min，6 000 r/min，8 000 r/min下扰动值
Figure 14. Disturbance values at speed of 4 000 r/min, 6 000 r/min and 8 000 r/min
表 1 结构参数
Table 1. Structural parameters
参数 数值 镶装环外径/mm 91 镶装环内径/mm 86.50+0.035 石墨环外径/mm 86.5+0.545+0.58 石墨环内径/mm 80.6+0.15+0.172 镶装环宽度/mm 3.5 石墨环宽度/mm 5.5 跑道直径/mm 80.6-0.156-0.14 
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表 2 工况参数
Table 2. Operating parameters
参数 数值 进口压力/MPa 0~0.06 出口压力/MPa 0 气体温度/K 532 气体黏度/(Pa·s) 1.82×10-5 转速/(r·min-1) 0~26 000
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表 3 试验装置管口释义
Table 3. Interpretation of nozzles of test device
管口代号 管口名称 管口作用 A 位移监测口1 监测浮环受扰动的位移 B 进气口 提供高压高温气源 C 压力检测口1 检测浮环低压侧压力 D 空气出口 检测浮环泄漏率 E 压力检测口2 检测浮环高压侧压力 F 空气入口 提供气源 G 油雾润滑口 通入油雾
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表 4 试验参数
Table 4. Test parameters
材料 结构参数 工况参数 镶装环 石墨环 跑道 宽度比 厚度比 压力/MPa 温度/℃ S30408 CDJ-83 S30408 0~1.0 0~1.0 0~0.06 20~300 S30408 MAT679 S30408 0~1.0 0~1.0 0~0.06 20~300 TC4 MAT679 TC4 0~1.0 0~1.0 0~0.06 20~300 GH4169 EY308 GH4169 0~1.0 0~1.0 0~0.06 20~300
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