| Citation: | LIU H Y，MA Z Q，YE Y F，et al. Smart contracts-as-a-service with on-chain and off-chain collaboration[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，2024，50（10）：3262-3273 （in Chinese） doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2022.0784
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A smart contract is a software service on blockchain with the characteristics of value transfer, contractuality, and trustworthiness. The quantity of smart contracts on blockchain systems is currently rising, together with the application scope's expansion and the restrictions of conventional smart contracts' growing number. Isolated sandbox environment execution makes it difficult for smart contracts to interact with the outside world, and resources are limited, limiting the use scenarios and performance of smart contracts. At the same time, off-chain services have the risk of centralization and lack of trust mechanisms to protect them. We propose a Smart Contract-as-a-Service solution, which provides a method for on-chain contracts to collaborate with off-chain services. Through on-chain authentication of off-chain services, the service lifecycle is incorporated into blockchain management, so that it has the trustworthy characteristics of contract services and supports the registration, customization and combination of services. We proposes a communication and collaboration method based on transaction triggering and event-driven mechanisms, where smart contracts can be combined with extended services to construct workflows in the face of complex business scenarios or tasks with high resource demands. Empirical verification demonstrates that Smart Contracts-as-a-Service can significantly expand contract application scenarios and boost performance by shifting resource-intensive tasks from within the contract to computational extension services. The benefit of increased performance is positively correlated with the off-chain speedup ratio, for example, a 64% improvement in performance when performing multiplication of a
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