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2012 Vol. 38, No. 6

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Analysis on stability and structure computation of helicopter with slung-load
Cao Long, Cao Yihua, Ma Chao, Xu Zhongda
2012, 38(6): 711-714.
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Computing method is given of geometric structure of slung-load for specially designated flight mission.Using this method, the geometry and internal force of slung rope were estimated. The influence of velocity and slung weight on geometry of slung-load was analyzed. An improvement of some existing helicopter flight dynamical model with slung-load was presented by taking geometry and detailed structure of this specific slung into consideration, and the trim state had been calculated, with the result meets existing conclusion perfectly. The equilibrium and stability property of various velocities and slung parameters were computed and analyzed. The result tells that, for helicopter with slung-load, the increment of flight velocity can improve the instability of spiral mode, however, make periodic mode worse on both longitude and lateral.
Statistical scaling of durability life for independent multi-detail structures
He Xiaofan, Dong Yanmin, Liu Yanmao, Liu Wenting
2012, 38(6): 715-719.
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To assess the fatigue life for aircraft structure, the specimen used for the durability test is often designed as multi-details(MD) to simulate the structural configuration and load transfer. Once one detail fails, the fatigue testing is ended, and the fatigue life of single detail(SD) must be deduced statistically based on the incomplete life of MD specimen. Based on the series failure model of the same multi-detail structures, the statistical scaling approach was proposed to determine the life distribution of the single detail. Assuming the fatigue life of MD follows the log-normal distribution, Monte Carlo sampling and stimulating results show that the fatigue life of single detail follows the same distribution approximately; the expressions between the distribution parameters of MD and SD are deduced. The expectation and variation of MD are higher than those of SD. Assuming the fatigue life of MD follows the two-parameter Weibull distribution, the SD’s fatigue life follows the same distribution whose slope is unchanged, but location parameter is larger than that of MD. Finally, an example for analyzing MD fatigue test result from American durability test program is given.
Design of helicon plasma source for VASIMR
Li Bo, Wang Yibai, Zhang Puzhuo, Wang Shouguo
2012, 38(6): 720-725.
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Helicon plasma has the advantages of very high density, strong controllability and electrodeless. Therefore, it is applied in variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket (VASIMR). A helicon plasma source was designed, and the design methods of two key components, magnet coils and helicon antenna, were given. The experimental results of the helicon plasma source indicate that electron density rises linearly as radio frequency power increases, and it is estimated that the order of electron density of the helicon plasma source could absolutely reach 1011 cm-3 when working fluid is injected in.
Carrier phase/SINS integrated navigation for spacecraft on high earth orbit
Wen Yongzhi, Wu Jie
2012, 38(6): 726-730.
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Because of the fewer available satellites and the greater wastage of signal on space link, the measurement accuracy is lower using pseudo-distance. The method of autonomous navigation using carrier phase of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) and strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) was presented for the high earth orbit automotive spacecraft. The float solutions of initial integer ambiguity were used as states variable in this method, and the nonlinear filter was established by square-root unscented Kalman filter (SRUKF). The method of cycle slips faults detection and isolation was presented based on the intersections of the float solutions. The method of integrated navigation makes full use of the high measurement accuracy of carrier phase and slowly varying characteristic of systematic errors, and it can increase the reliability and the precision of the navigation system.
Experiment and numerical simulation on heat-shielding properties of metallic honeycomb panel in high temperature environment
Zheng Liming, Wu Dafang, Wang Yuewu, Gao Zhentong
2012, 38(6): 731-735.
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Using the infrared radiation aerodynamic heating simulation test system, the heat-shielding properties of the metallic honeycomb panel were tested up to 800℃; Taking into consideration of the radicalization among honeycomb wall surfaces and the heat transfer of metal structure and air within honeycomb core cavity, the finite element model was established in the numerical simulation to calculate the heat-shielding properties of the metallic honeycomb panels. The experimental results agree well with the numerical simulation results. The experimental and calculated results for heat-shielding properties of the metallic honeycomb panel up to 800℃ provide an important basis for the safety design of high-speed aircrafts and vehicles.
Theory and method of numerical simulation for 3D atmospheric turbulence field based on Von Karman model
Gao Jing, Hong Guanxin, Liang Zaoqing
2012, 38(6): 736-740.
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Three-dimension-field atmospheric turbulence based on Von Karman model was generated with Monte Carlo simulation,in view of correlation function matrix. According to the derivation of the Von Karman model formulae, the correlation curves of the simulated field can highly approach the theory results. The precision and efficiency of atmospheric turbulence simulation were improved by using double stochastic interchange minimization algorithm to improve Gauss white noise sequence, and also by the optimization of Monte Carlo method. The simulated atmospheric turbulence field, is identical with the Von Karman model by numerical test, and has perfect statistical characteristic and simulation precision. The simulation method could be used in real-time flight simulation.
Rocket fault feature extraction based on time-frequency analysis
Cui Guilei, Tang Yonghua
2012, 38(6): 741-744,749.
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To obtain more valuable information from rocket flight test data as much as possible, a fault feature extraction model was proposed to the need of rocket vibration analysis. 3D Fourier spectrum was constucted to analyze the time-varying trend of entire observation signal efficiently. Standard and fast algorithm of Wigner-Ville distribution was studied to describe the frequency spectrum of interesting data segments accurately. The model and methods were illustrated on rocket telemetry data. The results prove the model-s direct-vision, high efficiency, and accuracy. It-s of great significance for designing a rocket with high reliability and performance to analyze the flight test data more deeply, based on time-frequency analysis methods.
Surface passivation effect on the static coke deposition of kerosene at supercritical pressure
Zhu Kun, Deng Hongwu, Xu Guoqiang, Zhang Chunben
2012, 38(6): 745-749.
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Experiments were performed to investigate surface passivations-effect on coking reaction of aviation kerosene RP-3 fuel, and to evaluate the chemical durability of passivating films via the static experiment system at the supercritical pressure. The results reveal that: surface passivation technology on stainless steel can effectively suppress RP-3 coke deposition, the sequence of inhibitory effects of coke deposition from the highest to the lowest is below: electrolytic passivation > acid cleaning passivation> phosphating; The work life of materials depends on chemical durability of passivating films, the sequence of chemical durability of passivating films from the highest to the lowest is below: electrolytic passivation > acid cleaning passivation> phosphating; Based on an overall consideration of various factors, electrolytic passivation is the best option, but out of action at high temperature and high corrosive environment for the long time experiment.
Online fault detection of networked control systems for flight vehicles
Wang Mingming, Wang Qing, Dong Chaoyang
2012, 38(6): 750-754.
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An online fault detection algorithm for the networked control system of flight vehicle was proposed considering the network-induced delay and the short sampling period. The fault detection model was established for the impact of the unknown time-delay. Based on the model, the residual generator was constructed and the fault detection of networked control systems was converted to the minimum optimization problem. Furthermore, the solution of the problem was given in the form of Moore-Penrose Inverse of matrix, and the fault detection algorithm was optimized in every sampling period. The numerical example shows that the proposed fault detection method is sensitive to the fault, and it is also robust to the unknown disturbance caused by the unknown delay.
Preliminary orbit determination method of HEO satellite using a single navigation GPS satellite measurements
Li Taohu, Liu Jiansheng, Qin Honglei, Li Rui
2012, 38(6): 755-759,765.
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The autonomous navigation of highly elliptical orbit (HEO) satellites using GPS needed to solve a key problem of the preliminary orbit determination under the condition of only one navigation satellite. The feasibility by using the pseudo-range received from a single navigation satellite was demonstrated, and the limitation of the F.G method for preliminary orbit determination was figured out. An iterative batch method using orbit elements as constrains was proposed to determine the preliminary orbit. This algorithm did not have complex mathematic operation and could avoid the influence of ill-conditioned equation with short arc data by using F.G method. The simulation results show that its positioning bias is about 104 m and velocity bias is approximate 100 m/s with an acceptable orbit injection errors, and the proposed method using a single navigation satellite measurements could determine the HEO initial orbit credibly.
Estimation method of domestic advanced fighter-s fly-away cost
Liu Hang, Xu Ming, Wu Zhe, Yan Weitian
2012, 38(6): 760-765.
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Because of the generation difference, the improvement in technology and the discrepancy of research and development (R&D) system, the foreign estimation models, which have been extensively used until now, cannot be applied to calculate the domestic advanced fighter-s fly-away cost. To solve this problem, the differences between domestic and foreign military industry system, the technical features of advanced fighters, and the new features in R&D process were studied. In the process of cost calculation, 5 new factors were taken into account, including R&D system, import and imitation of foreign fighters, technical improvement of avionics, modification and upgrade of previous fighters, discontinuity and delay of R&D process. Based on the cost statistics and Burns model, those cost coefficients related to the above-mentioned factors were introduced into the calculation and a new model suitable for estimating the fly-away cost of advanced domestic fighters was constructed by means of scale and the least error. Some cases such as the foreign advanced fighters and domestic type-3 fighters were performed using this model, and the simulation results show the new model-s validity and practicality.
Application of harmonic balance method in simulations of low speed unsteady flows
Du Pengcheng, Ning Fangfei
2012, 38(6): 766-771.
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The harmonic balance method is an effective computational method in simulating time periodic unsteady flows. When using the harmonic balance method based on compressible flow equations to solve low Mach number flows, both the accuracy and convergence of the solution would be deteriorated due to the large dissipation of the convective scheme which is specially designed for compressible flows. To solve this problem, the low speed preconditioning was adopted; therefore, the harmonic balance method based on compressible flow equations could be used to compute low speed periodic unsteady flow directly. Both the time marching calculation and the harmonic balance calculation were performed in simulating the incompressible lid-driven flow and the low Reynolds number vortex shedding cylinder flow. The results show the capability of using the preconditioned harmonic balance equation in simulating low speed periodic unsteady flows, and the unsteady flowfield could be well reconstructed by using only a few harmonics retained in the harmonic balance method.
Method of extended testability modeling for on-off multi-state system
Shi Junyou, Wang Fengwu, Zhang Xin, Shi Meng
2012, 38(6): 772-777.
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The existing methods for testability-modeling have some constraints, including the consistency of failure criterion, failure transmitting and logical-value criterion of test. Aiming at states differences of on-off multi-state system, the method of extended testability modeling was proposed. Failure, test, D matrix and diagnostic tree were defined extended with the introduction of states, and an extended testability model was defined also. The algorithms for extended testability modeling and analysis were described, which include modeling, generations of extended D matrix and extended diagnostic tree. A hydraulic control system was taken as an example for the engineering application, which shows that this method is feasible and effective.
Time-dependent reliability models of components with rotatory-symmetrical structure
Wang Zheng
2012, 38(6): 778-782.
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The failure characteristic of components with rotatory-symmetrical structure and the effect of the number of symmetrical parts on their reliability were analyzed. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function of strength of components with rotatory-symmetrical structure were developed. Then, taking the number of load application and time as its life parameter, respectively, the time-dependent reliability models and failure rate models of components with rotatory-symmetrical structure were derived, which consist of load, strength, the number of symmetrical parts and life parameters. The results show that when strength doesn-t degenerate, the reliability of components with rotatory-symmetrical structure still decreases as the life parameter (namely, the number of load application and time), and the failure rate also decreases as the life parameter. For the components consisted of the identical symmetrical part, its reliability decreases as the number of symmetrical part increases, and its failure rate increases as the number of symmetrical part increases.
Performance analysis for frequency domain detection method in spatial color noise background
Wang Jing, Huang Jianguo, Jiao Yameng
2012, 38(6): 783-787.
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Underwater noise environment of small aperture array is spatial color noise background. A super-directive beamforming in frequency domain (FSD) method was proposed to solve the problem that the array gain of super-directive beamforming cannot reach maximum when there exists error in the estimated noise matrix under color noise background. The wideband received data were divided into many subbands, and noise covariance matrix in each subband was estimated, which reduces the error of estimated noise matrix. Estimated noise covariance matrix was used to de-correlate the received data. At last, spatial spectrum detector was employed to detect weak signal. Experimental results show that the detection performance of FSD is better than super-directive beamforming in time domain (TSD) and minimum variance distortionless response in frequency domain (FMVDR) of 2 dB and 2 dB respectively.
Improvement of Jahangir’s multiple moments estimator
Li Dapeng, Yao Di
2012, 38(6): 788-792.
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Based on M.Jahangir-s multiple moments estimator using constant weight, a new estimator named L-J estimator was proposed, which consists of multiple moments and uses function weight. The optimum weight function was obtained by the sequential algorithm for optimization according to the monotonic relationship of U-estimator and the shape parameter. A large number of simulation experiments show that the accuracy of L-J estimator is not only higher than that of Jahangir-s multiple estimator using constant weight noticeably, but also it can stand comparison with that of maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). As an asymptotic unbiased estimation, MLE requires sufficient large number of samples to achieve the optimum performance, then it makes that the accuracy of L-J estimator can be better than that of MLE in the case of fewer samples. Moreover, the efficiency of L-J estimator is obviously higher than that of MLE, since there is no iteration to need.
Distributed adaptive power allocation in cooperative wireless communication systems
Li Guoyan, Zhang Youguang
2012, 38(6): 793-798,803.
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The performance of the cooperative transmission system can be improved significantly by allocating powers optimally among cooperative nodes when the system has a total power constraint. For a two-hop cooperative transmission system with only one relay node, the closed-form expression of the optimal power allocation factor was derived and a relay activation condition was acquired. If and only if the fading characteristics of the channels satisfy this condition, the relay transmits signals to the destination; otherwise, it will stay in the idle state. For a system with more than one relay node, the closed-form power allocation factors are difficult to derive directly based on the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. So, an SNR upper bound was derived and a novel power allocation scheme was proposed. The whole power allocation was divided into two stages and the optimal power allocation was implemented by using an iterative algorithm. Simulation results show that for a system with only one relay node, the proposed power allocation scheme can yield about 1~2 dB performance gains compared to the equal power allocation, as the number of relays increase, the performance of the system improved greatly when using the iterative power allocation method.
Parallel access leakage flow rate measurement of compressed air
Huang Liang, Cai Maolin
2012, 38(6): 799-803.
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An instantaneous method for measuring leakage flow rate was proposed by employing a standard flow. Measuring equipment was connected to the pipeline, which promised the convenience and non-destruction. Standard flow was used to determine the internal volume of measured equipment. And a nonlinear discrete-time tracking differentiator had been designed to track the differential pressure. Furthermore, an algorithm was formulated to describe, the relationship between leakage and standard flow rate. The method deviates from the theoretical leakage values by less than 3% full scale (FS), and shows a good precision and scope compared with traditional flow measurements. In addition, the proposed parallel connection based on standard flow makes operation easy and measuring fast possibly, thus the method can be applied in the new area of pneumatic energy saving industry.
High-accuracy automatic locating system based on templates
Liu Rong, Peng Yanmin, Tang Can, Mao Jian
2012, 38(6): 804-809.
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In order to meet the requirement of robot assisted surgery which identified the object automatically with high precision, the Bumblebee 2 camera systems were used, and the ellipse and the circle were regarded as a template. The corners in the image were detected by the proposed algorithm. After the image enhanced for improving the contrast, using the symmetric properties of the black block and white block in the templates, the corners in the ellipse and in the circle were detected. At last using the vector vertical relationship, the goal vertex in the ellipse was extracted, and then the template was identified. Through the depth function of the Bumblebee 2, the world position of the templates was obtained automatically with the high accuracy. The system overcame the problem that the traditional cameras calibrated the inside and outside parameters. Finally, experiments show that the positioning accuracy will reach to 0.42 mm, which is satisfactory to the requirement of the surgery.
Beacon error-tolerable method for node localization in 3D wireless sensor networks
Guo Xiaolei, Yu Ning, Wu Yinfeng, Wan Jiangwen
2012, 38(6): 810-815.
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For 3D wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with inaccurately positioned beacon nodes, a novel multi-hop node localization method that can tolerate beacon position errors was proposed. The influences of independent variable errors and dependent variable biases on node coordinate estimation were taken into account simultaneously. Based on the principle of constrained weighted orthogonal regression, a reliable 3D multi-hop localization model was constructed, and the numerical method for calculating the optimum value of node coordinates was given. The 3D multi-hop Cramér-Rao bound (3D-MCRB) for node localization under combined uncertainties in beacon positions and estimative distances was also derived. Simulation results show that the novel method is robust against beacon position errors and distance estimation errors. In most experiment conditions, the multi-hop localization accuracy can be improved by at least 10%.
Applications of exponential-approximate method with multi-resolution in spare requirement determination
Liu Tianhua, Zhang Zhihua, Li Dawei, Zhang Guangyu
2012, 38(6): 816-818,822.
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As to the fact that it is difficult to determine the renewal function (RF) of the Weibull distribution, the closeness between the two distributions with the same average life was studied. On this condition, the RF of exponential distribution was applied to compute that of the Weibull distribution, and the approximate solution would be gained expediently. Furthermore, the accuracy of the three methods was compared. That is, exponential method (The RF of the exponential), linear weight model and geometrical weight model respectively. The result shows that compared with the exponential method, the precision of the two models are highly enhanced when the time is short; and the precision of the geometrical weight model is still high when time is long. This conclusion would provide convenience for the engineering.
Transmitting spectra-temperature characteristic of single-mode fiber coupler
Li Yan, Zhang Min, Li Lijing, Yang Dewei
2012, 38(6): 819-822.
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The output spectra of fiber sources which transmitted through a single-mode fiber coupler were measured by changing temperature. When the input wave of Sagnac interferometer from the fiber coupler were transmitting wave and coupling wave respectively, the temperature characteristics of signal-errors outputted from Sagnac interferometer were simulated. The above experimental results demonstrate that the output power and mean-wavelength of the spectra traveling through the arm of directly-transmission and that of the coupling of coupler will both change when the temperature changes. And the temperature-stability of output power and mean-wavelength of the directly-transmission arm is higher than that of the coupling arm. The simulated results demonstrate that the interferometers errors caused by the light wave outputting from the directly-transmission arm of SM fiber coupler are one order smaller than that of the coupling arm.
Effect of rating residual on recommendation quality
Hu Biyun, Li Zhoujun, Wang Jun, Chao Wenhan
2012, 38(6): 823-828.
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The effect of the rating residual on recommendation quality was analyzed. The rating residual was measured through user ratings and latent preferences. Latent preferences were computed with psychometric models. With different levels of rating residual, the effect of the rating residual was experimentally evaluated on real world datasets. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that rating residual has negative effects on recommendation accuracy and coverage. Based on high quality of data, collaborative filtering algorithms can make precise recommendations for users.
Occlusion handling approach in visual tracking based on multiple-kernel fusion
Xiao Peng, Duan Miyi, Zhao Qi
2012, 38(6): 829-834,841.
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A novel visual tracking approach based on multiple-kernel fusion was proposed to improve robustness and accuracy of tracking under large-area occlusion. Unlike traditional single symmetric kernel weighted histogram used in mean shift tracking, this approach adopted several asymmetric kernel functions centered at different positions within target region to build a set of asymmetric kernel weighted histograms. Because these histograms weighted each part of the target region differently, there must be some less influenced histograms during occlusion. Based on each histogram, a set of target location estimations were provided respectively by mean shift iteration, and the target location was obtained by fusing these estimations using Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach under large-area occlusion.
Multi-sensor multi-target systematic bias fusion estimation algorithm
Song Qiang, Xiong Wei, He You
2012, 38(6): 835-841.
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To solve the problem of sensor systematic bias estimation in sensor network, a systematic bias fusion estimation algorithm was presented based on multi-sensor multi-target information. To solve the forenamed problem, the algorithm was constituted a two layer fusion structure. In order to improve the precision of corresponding combination estimation, the first layer fuses the multi-sensor combination state estimation information with feedback, so the estimation precision of systematic bias can also be improved. While, the second layer fuses the multi-target systematic bias estimation information in order to further improve the estimation precision. The monte-carlo simulation result shows that the algorithm can make sufficient use of the multi-sensor multi-target information with fusion structure, and achieve an exact and real-time estimation of the multi-sensor systematic bias.
5-coordinate transformation technology of CNC system for a variety of structures of machine tools
Jin Yang, Huan Ji, Xiao Wenlei, Guo Chengjun
2012, 38(6): 842-848.
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The uniform method of coordinate transformation was studied, which is suited for a variety of structures of 5-axis machine tool. CNC(computer numerical control) coordinate transformation library was developed, which could be integrated into CNC system as a coordinate transformation control module. The kinematics of 5-axis machine tool was analyzed, 12 types of 5-axis machine tool structure were listed, and the corresponding coordinate transformation algorithms were derived. 3 types of basic algorithms were obtained through mathematical transformation, and a 5-coordinate transformation library was developed based on the basic algorithms. The feasibility of 5-coordinate transformation library was verified by a 3D simulation system, and the library was integrated into CH-2010 open CNC system developed by Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Cutting temperature and tool wear in minimum quantity lubrication vibration drilling of superalloys
Kong Fanxia, Zhang Deyuan
2012, 38(6): 849-852.
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Processing method of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) vibration drilling was used to solve difficulty of high cutting temperature and rapid tool wear in drilling of superalloys. Cooling mechanism in vibration drilling was analyzed from the point of heat transfer mechanism and comparative experiments between traditional drilling and vibration drilling were carried out. The results show that the cutting temperature in MQL traditional drilling reaches 110℃ and increases with the drilling depth and the number of holes, while the cutting temperature in MQL vibration drilling is only about 55℃ and changes slowly with the drilling depth and the number of holes; Tool wear in MQL traditional drilling reaches to 0.5 mm and significantly increases with the number of holes, while tool wear in MQL vibration drilling is only 0.22 mm and slowly increases with the number of holes.

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