Experimental study on effect of aperture of accelerator grid on performance of variable thrust ion thruster
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摘要:
离子推力器以其比冲高、寿命长的突出优势，在长寿命航天器的姿轨控任务中得到广泛应用。以实现大范围、高精度推力调节为目标，针对加速栅小孔对连续变推力模式离子推力器的性能影响开展了综合实验研究，分析加速栅小孔补偿设计的机理与影响因素，基于10 cm口径连续变推力离子推力器，设计2种加速栅小孔中心距补偿系数的栅极系统，在不同推力模式下研究加速栅小孔中心距补偿系数对推力器放电室内等离子体宽范围放电特性、电子反流极限电压与加速栅电流、离子束流分布特性及离子溅射刻蚀效应的影响作用关系。以此为基础，开展多时间尺度下变推力模式对加速栅溅射刻蚀的影响评价。结果表明：在总加速电压恒定的情况下，改变加速栅小孔中心距补偿系数可调节放电室的基本性能和束流离子的密度分布，且推力越小，补偿系数变化的影响权重越明显；加速栅小孔中心距补偿系数的变化不会明显改变栅极系统的电子返流极限电压，但会显著影响宽范围变推力工作点下束流离子对栅极系统的离子溅射刻蚀效应，对此可通过调整总加速电压予以改善。研究结果为变推力离子推力器栅极系统匹配性设计及高性能变推力控制策略优化提供了技术支撑。
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关键词:
- 加速栅小孔中心距补偿系数 /
- 变推力 /
- 离子推力器 /
- 溅射刻蚀 /
- 放电损耗
Abstract:Ion thrusters have been widely used in attitude and orbit control missions of long-duration spacecraft because of their outstanding advantages of high specific impulse and long life. A comprehensive experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of the accelerator grid compensation coefficient on the performance of the continuous variable thrust ion thruster to achieve a large range and high precision thrust regulation. The mechanism and influencing factors of accelerator grid compensation design were analyzed. Based on 10cm diameter continuous variable thrust ion thrusters, two types of grid systems with different accelerator grid compensation coefficients were designed. The effects of accelerator grid compensation coefficients on a wide range of discharge characteristics of the ion thruster plasma in the discharge chamber, electron backflow limited voltage and acceleration current, ion beam distribution and ion sputtering etching effect were studied under different thrust modes. Two types of grid systems with varying accelerator grid compensation coefficients were devised based on continuous variable thrust ion thrusters with a diameter of 10 cm. The result shows that under constant total acceleration voltage, changing the accelerator grid compensation coefficient can adjust the basic performance of the discharge chamber and the density distribution of the ion beam. And the smaller the thrust, the more pronounced the effect of the compensation coefficient variation. At a wide range of variable-thrust operating points, the accelerator grid compensation coefficient variation has a significant effect on the ion sputtering erosion effect of the ion beam on the grid system, but it has little effect on the electron backflow limited voltage of the grid system. It can be improved by adjusting the total acceleration voltage. The above research will provide technical support for the matching design of the grid system of a prototype ion thruster and optimization of high-performance variable-thrust control strategies, facilitating the illustration and implementation of such systems.
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图 3 2种加速栅小孔中心距补偿系数不同工作点放电损耗及放电电压变化情况
Figure 3. Discharge loss and discharge voltage variation at different operating points under two accelerator grid compensation coefficients
图 4 不同工作点下离子束流、加速栅电流随加速栅电压变化关系
Figure 4. Relationship between ion beam current and acceleration current at different operating points and acceleration voltage
图 5 2种补偿系数状态下推力器在不同工作点的束流密度分布归一化曲线
Figure 5. Normalized curves of beam density distribution of thrusters at different operating points under two compensation coefficients
图 6 2种补偿系数状态下20 mN工作点工作200 h时的关键参数变化情况
Figure 6. Changes of key parameters at 20 mN for 200 h under two compensation coefficients
图 7 加速栅不同半径处表面刻蚀深度与小孔直径相对变化情况
Figure 7. Relative change of etching depth and aperture diameter at different radii on downstream surface of accelerator grid
图 8 加速栅下游表面刻蚀中心区域坑槽腐蚀深度显微测试结果
Figure 8. Microscopic test results of pit corrosion depth in center area of downstream surface of accelerator grid
表 1 推力器实验工作条件
Table 1. Experimental working conditions of thrusters
工作参数 参数配置 参数模式 屏栅电压 1150 V 恒压输出 加速栅
电压−150 V 恒压输出 阳极电流 1.1 A（5 mN）、2.2 A（10 mN）、
3.1 A（20 mN）、3.9 A（25 mN）恒流输出 励磁电流 0.19 A（5 mN）、0.30 A（10 mN）、
0.45 A（20 mN）、0.54 A（25 mN）电流宽范围可调 中和器
触持电流1.4 A 恒流输出 主阴极
触持电流0.8 A 恒流输出 主阴极
供气0.08 mg/s 恒定流率输出 中和器
供气0.08 mg/s 恒定流率输出 阳极供气 0.15 mg/s（5 mN）、0.25 mg/s（10 mN） 、
0.50 mg/s（20 mN）、0.54 mg/s（25 mN）不同推力点下
恒定流率输出注：括号内数值表示推力大小。 
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表 2 2种补偿系数状态下加速栅表面刻蚀深度与小孔直径测量结果
Table 2. Measurement results of etching depth and aperture diameter of the accelerator grid surface under two compensation coefficients
测试方向 刻蚀深度与最大刻蚀深度之比 小孔直径与最大轮廓直径之比 δ=0.204% δ=0.407% δ=0.204% δ=0.407% 1# 2# 1# 2# 1# 2# 1# 2# 水平 0.3780 0.3801 1.0000 0.9912 0.7592 0.7533 0.9934 0.9957 垂直 0.3785 0.3806 0.9676 0.9893 0.7605 0.7575 0.9937 1.0000
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