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摘要:
针对单颗运载器运载能力有限但大规模目标载荷部署需求庞大的矛盾,采用由在轨加注衔接天地往返与空间转移的“两段式”载人登月任务模式,对使用在轨加注方法的载人登月任务的规模进行分析与计算,建立了发射段、交会段、地月段、落月段等4个主要过程的动力学模型,并完成任务的总体设计仿真分析。运用质量估算方法对比了传统模式与在轨加注模式下的任务总质量与各级规模;构建了包含发射、交会对接、地月转移和月面着陆等4个阶段的任务模型,明确了各阶段约束,并建立了考虑低温推进剂在轨蒸发损耗的质量模型;计算任务窗口并开展全流程轨道仿真,分析各阶段参数与推进剂消耗;采用遗传算法优化落月段参数。质量估算结果表明:相较于传统模式所需数千吨级起飞质量,在轨加注方案起飞总质量为500 t以下,空间转移级质量为数十吨级;全流程仿真结果进一步明确了在轨加注方案各阶段推进剂消耗量,为工程设计提供必要参考。
Abstract:To address the conflict between the limited payload capacity of a single launch vehicle and the substantial deployment demands of large-scale target payloads, this paper employs a two-phase manned lunar landing mission architecture, where on-orbit refueling connects Earth ascent and space transfer. Mission scale analysis and calculations were performed for manned lunar landing utilizing on-orbit refueling. Dynamic models for the four main phases—launch, rendezvous, Earth-Moon transfer, and lunar landing—were established, and overall mission design simulation analysis was completed. A mass estimation method was employed to compare the total mission mass and the scale of each stage between the traditional mode and the on-orbit refueling mode. In order to define phase-specific limitations and develop a mass model that takes into account in-orbit evaporation losses of cryogenic propellant, a mission model covering the four phases of launch, rendezvous and docking, Earth-Moon transfer, and lunar landing was built. Subsequently, mission windows were calculated, and full-process orbital simulations were conducted to analyze trajectory parameters and propellant consumption for each phase. Genetic algorithms were used to optimize parameters for the lunar landing phase. Mass estimation results show that, compared to the thousands of tonnes launch mass required by the traditional mode, the total launch mass for the on-orbit refueling scheme is below 500 tonnes, and the space transfer stage mass is on the order of tens of tonnes. The full-process simulation findings provide crucial references for engineering design, further elucidating the propellant consumption for each stage of the on-orbit refueling strategy.
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Key words:
- manned lunar landing /
- on-orbit refueling /
- propellant /
- space transportation /
- mass scale
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表 1 结构质量数据库
Table 1. Structural mass database
参数 数值/t 方案1火箭结构质量 30 方案2火箭结构质量 130 载人飞船结构质量 8 载人飞船返回舱结构质量 2 月球着陆器结构质量 4.2 空间转移运载器结构质量 8 表 2 方案1任务剖面及速度增量需求
Table 2. Mission profile and velocity increment requirements for Solution 1
序号 任务阶段 航天器 速度增量/(km·s−1) 动力来源 1 地面发射 运载火箭1、载人飞船 10.00 运载火箭1 2 LEO 载人飞船 0 无 3 LEO→加注站 载人飞船 0.31 载人飞船推进舱 4 加注站 月球着陆器、空间转移运载器 0 无 5 加注站→LO(进入转移轨道) 月球着陆器、空间转移运载器 3.08 空间转移运载器 6 加注站→LO(制动进入LO) 月球着陆器、空间转移运载器 3.48 空间转移运载器 7 LO→月面 月球着陆器 2.10 月球着陆器 8 月面→LO 月球着陆器 2.00 月球着陆器 9 LO 月球着陆器、空间转移运载器 0 无 10 LO→加注站 月球着陆器、空间转移运载器 0.65 空间转移运载器 11 加注站 载人飞船 0 无 12 再入返回地球 载人飞船返回舱 0.50 返回舱气动减速 表 3 方案2任务剖面及速度增量需求
Table 3. Mission profile and velocity increment requirements for Solution 2
序号 任务阶段 包含航天器 速度增量/(km·s−1) 动力来源 1 地面发射 运载火箭2、载人飞船 10.00 运载火箭2 2 LEO 运载火箭2、载人飞船 0 无 3 LEO→LO(进入转移轨道) 运载火箭2、载人飞船 3.13 运载火箭2 4 LEO→LO(制动进入LO) 载人飞船 3.48 运载火箭2 5 LO 月球着陆器、载人飞船 0 无 6 LO→月面 月球着陆器 2.10 月球着陆器 7 月面→LO 月球着陆器 2.00 月球着陆器 8 LO 月球着陆器、载人飞船 0 无 9 LO→LEO 载人飞船 0.65 载人飞船推进舱 10 再入返回地球 载人飞船返回舱 0.50 返回舱气动减速 表 4 2种方案所需质量规模对比
Table 4. Mass scale comparison for both solutions
方案 质量规模/t 基于在轨加注的载人登月任务方案 486.7 基于一次对接的载人登月任务方案 3 906.7 表 5 地月转移时间窗口
Table 5. Earth-Moon transfer window
变轨时刻 转移时间/s 捕获时相对月球的速度/(km·s−1) 2025-05-04T01:00:00 286 300 1.050 2025-05-04T18:00:00 297 700 1.006 2025-05-04T21:00:00 248 600 1.127 2025-05-05T14:00:00 264 300 1.056 2025-05-06T10:00:00 245 600 1.093 2025-05-07T06:00:00 248 600 0.949 2025-05-19T04:00:00 213 900 0.890 2025-05-31T15:00:00 271 600 1.054 表 6 载人飞船入轨参数
Table 6. Orbital insertion parameters for manned spacecraft
参数 数值 飞行时间/s 469.79 关机点速度/(km·s−1) 7.82 关机点高度/km 211.04 表 7 变轨时刻及速度增量
Table 7. Maneuver epoch and velocity increment
次数 变轨距离上次用时/s 速度增量/(m·s−1) 第1次 5 699.44 6.11 第2次 3 896.31 −316.82 第3次 18 576.35 199.51 第4次 2 567.61 194.58 表 8 交会对接后航天器的轨道根数
Table 8. Post-docking orbital elements of spacecraft
轨道要素 取值 升交点赤经/(°) 292.41 轨道倾角/(°) 41.37 近地点幅角/(°) 107.50 半长轴/km 6 755.08 偏心率 0 平近点角/(°) 280.56 表 9 落月过程各阶段参数
Table 9. Phase-specific parameters during lunar landing sequence
落月段运动阶段 高度/km 推力大小/N 阶段耗时/s 推进剂消耗/kg 剩余质量/kg 环月降轨段 200×15(椭圆轨道) 动力下降段 15.000~3.000 45 000 342.0 3 469.4 7 172.4 快速调整段 3.000~2.400 32 800 19.3 143.5 7 028.9 接近下降段 2.400~0.050 72 762 57.1 149.6 6 879.2 缓速下降段 0.050~0.002 28 156 10.0 25.3 6 853.9 表 10 任务节点汇总
Table 10. Mission phase node summary
序号 任务阶段 时间节点 推进剂消耗/kg 动力来源 1 地面发射 2025-05-03T10:30:39 430 372.4 运载火箭1 2 LEO→加注站 2025-05-03T10:38:29 1262.2 载人飞船推进舱 3 与加注站交会对接 2025-05-03T19:10:49 4 进入地月轨道 2025-05-04T01:00:00 58 309.4 空间转移运载器 5 制动进入LO 2025-05-07T08:31:40 17 611.5 空间转移运载器 6 进入落月轨道 2025-05-07T09:31:37 359.6 空间转移运载器 7 LO→月面 2025-05-07T09:38:45 3 762.6 月球着陆器 -
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