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摘要:
紧凑快速强换热技术可在超紧凑空间、毫秒级极短时间内高效收集-转移发动机进气或内部大量热量，是决定强预冷发动机性能优劣与技术成败的核心关键，其内部极端工作环境及苛刻性能需求导致传统民用换热器的分析与设计方法难以适用、实验测试手段也难以满足其验证需求。因此，围绕强预冷发动机应用开展适用性强、针对性高的紧凑快速强换热技术研究，具有重要的学术价值与工程意义。基于此，从机理、技术与实验等多个维度，系统综述了紧凑快速强换热技术的研究进展，并分析了该技术在强预冷发动机应用中面临的主要挑战。现有研究已取得了广泛而深入的成果，包括超临界工质在微尺度通道与横掠管束中的快速强换热机理、快速仿真与强变物性工质相似性分析方法、不确定性与精细化设计方法及面向紧凑空间极端热环境的实验测试手段等。总体来看，在基础研究方面，亟须深入理解微小尺度复杂热环境下流动换热耦合机理，进一步完善紧凑快速强换热的高精度经验关联数据库；在分析与设计方面，应关注融合新兴手段的紧凑快速强换热分析及设计方法，以提升紧凑快速强换热在宽工作范围内的整体性能；在实验验证方面，有必要进一步发展适用于狭小空间复杂结构的精细化流场测试方法，并在真实装机匹配条件下开展全温全压实验验证。上述研究将为提升紧凑快速强换热技术成熟度、推动强预冷发动机技术发展与验证提供坚实支撑。
Abstract:Compact and rapid heat transfer technology can, within ultra-confined spaces and on the order of milliseconds, efficiently capture and transport large amounts of heat from the intake or internal components. It is the core determinant of both performance and technical success for a precooled engine. Conventional civil use heat exchanger analysis, design procedures, and experimental testing approaches are insufficient for validation due to the harsh operating environment and demanding performance requirements inside such systems. Therefore, conducting highly targeted, application oriented research on compact and rapid heat transfer technology specifically for precooled engines carries significant academic and engineering value. In this paper, the research progress of compact and rapid heat transfer technology from multiple dimensions, including underlying mechanisms, technical approaches, and experimental methods, is systematically reviewed, and the principal challenges it faces when applied to precooled engines are analyzed. Existing studies have yielded extensive and in-depth results in several areas: the mechanisms of rapid and intensive heat transfer of supercritical working fluids in microscale channels and cross-flow tube bundles; rapid simulation and similarity analysis methods for fluids with sharply varying properties; refined and uncertainty quantification based design methodologies; and experimental testing techniques tailored for extreme thermal environments in confined spaces, etc. Overall, in terms of fundamental research, it is urgent to deepen our understanding of the coupled flow heat transfer mechanisms under complex thermal conditions at micro scales and to further enrich high accuracy empirical correlation databases for compact and rapid heat transfer. From an analysis and design perspective, attention should be paid to integrating emerging techniques into analysis and design methods to enhance overall performance across broad operating ranges. In terms of experimental validation, more sophisticated flow-field measurement techniques appropriate for intricate structures in confined spaces must be developed, and complete temperature and full pressure testing must be conducted under actual engine installation circumstances. These research efforts will provide a solid foundation for improving the maturity of compact and rapid heat transfer technology and for advancing and validating precooled engine technology.
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图 2 强预冷发动机中典型换热器形式
Figure 2. Typical heat exchanger configurations in pre-cooling engines
图 3 管径和表面粗糙度对管内流动的影响
Figure 3. Effect of pipe diameter and surface roughness on flow within pipes
图 4 轴向导热对换热器性能的综合影响
Figure 4. Overall impact of axial heat transfer on heat exchanger performance
图 9 不同排列方式及雷诺数对涡脱落频率的影响
Figure 9. Effect of different arrangements and Reynolds numbers on frequency of vortex detachment
图 14 强预冷器1D离散化设计计算流程
Figure 14. Calculation workflow for discrete design of 1D pre-cooler
图 19 超薄壁毛细管几何偏差统计结果
Figure 19. Statistical results on geometric deviations in ultra-thin-walled capillaries
图 20 超临界氦强预冷器不确定性设计结果
Figure 20. Design results for a supercritical helium pre-cooler with uncertainty analysis
图 21 强预冷器关键性能参数实际分布直方图
Figure 21. Histogram of actual distribution of key performance parameters for pre-cooler
图 22 一些拓扑优化结果的实验研究及性能对比
Figure 22. Experimental study and performance comparison of some topological optimisation results
图 29 不同强预冷器结构及总压损失
Figure 29. Different pre-cooler configurations and total pressure drop
图 32 北航团队强预冷器研究实验平台
Figure 32. Beihang University team’s research and experimental platform for high-performance pre-coolers
通道尺度类型 水力直径/μm 过渡尺度通道 0.1～10 微尺度通道 10～200 微小尺度通道 200～ 3000 常规尺度通道 > 3000 
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表 2 不同作用力与尺度关系
Table 2. Relationship between different forces and scales
作用力 尺度 作用力 尺度 电磁力 ～L4 惯性力 ～L2 离心力 ～L4 黏性力 ～L1 重力 ～L3 表面张力 ～L1 浮升力 ～L3 静电力 ～L−2
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表 3 换热器简化换热模拟方法总结
Table 3. Summary of simplified heat transfer simulation methods for heat exchanger
计算方法 示意图 源项特点 多孔介质模型 
通过对流换热系数计算，且流
体和固体物性通过孔隙率加权双单元换热模型 
通过换热速率或NTU计算 分布式体积热源法 
通过非均匀体积热源计算 均匀体积热源法 
通过均匀整体体积热源计算
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表 4 非接触式测量手段基本原理与特点
Table 4. Basic principles and characteristics of non-contact measurement methods
测量手段 被测换热管或微通道 测量结果 基本原理与特点 液晶示温[81] 
①液晶分子排列对温度敏感，反射特定波长的光，通过颜色变化指示温度，可测量表面温度；
②空间分辨率高；
③测温范围有限红外测温[239] 
①基于热辐射原理，通过检测物体发出的红外辐射能量来测量温度；
②测量响应快；
③无法测量内部温度，易受环境干扰激光诱导荧光[241] 
①激光激发被测分子/原子的电子跃迁，通过所产生的荧光强度/波长获取温度；
②空间分辨率高；
③对被测样品及环境要求较高粒子图像测速[243] 
①捕捉含有示踪粒子的流体图像并计算粒子位移，进而获得流速；
②可实现全场瞬态测量；
③示踪粒子可能干扰流动激光干涉测温[245] 
①利用激光的相干性，将参考光与测量光叠加形成干涉条纹；
②可实现纳米级精度；
③对环境振动敏感
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A1 圆管（含微细管和常规尺度）或微通道内流体换热经验关联式
A1. Empirical correlations for fluid heat transfer in circular tubes (including mini- and mirco-tubes and conventional-scale tubes) or micro-channels
作者 方法 换热经验关联式 结构类型及尺寸 流体类型 适用范围 Dittus-Boelter[138-139] 实验 $ \begin{aligned}{{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.023{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.8}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{n}\\n=\begin{cases} 0.3\quad \text{冷却}\\0.4\quad \text{加热}\end{cases}\end{aligned} $ 圆管 水 $ \begin{aligned}& L/{d}_{i}\geqslant 10\\& {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\geqslant 10\;000\\& 0.7\leqslant {{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 160\end{aligned} $ Taylor[140] 实验 $ \begin{aligned}& {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=\begin{cases}0.023{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.8}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.4}\qquad\qquad\;\;\; \text{冷却}\\0.023{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.8}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.4}{\left(\dfrac{{T}_{w}}{{T}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\right)}^{-C}\quad \text{加热}\end{cases}\\& C=0.57-\dfrac{1.59{d}_{i}}{L}\end{aligned} $ 圆管 冷却：空气、
二氧化碳；
加热：氢气、
氦气、氮气、
空气、
二氧化碳冷却：
$ \begin{aligned}& 0.25 \lt {T}_{\mathrm{w}}/{T}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 1\\& 4 \lt L/{d}_{i} \lt 52\end{aligned} $
加热：
$ \begin{aligned}& 1 \lt {T}_{{\mathrm{w}}}/{T}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 23\\& 2 \lt L/{d}_{i} \lt 52\end{aligned} $Gnielinski[141] 理论
推导$ \begin{aligned}& {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=\dfrac{\left(f/8\right)\left({{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}-1\;000\right){{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}}}{1+12.7\sqrt{f/8}\left({{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}}{}^{2/3}-1\right)}\left[1+{\left({d}_{i}/l\right)}^{2/3}\right]{c}_{t}\\& f={\left(1.82\mathrm{\lg }\;{{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}-1.64\right)}^{-2},{c}_{t}={\left({T}_{{\mathrm{b}}}/{T}_{\text{w}}\right)}^{0.45}\end{aligned} $ 圆管 $ \begin{aligned}& 2\;300 \lt {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt {10}^{6}\\& 0.7 \lt {{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt {10}^{5}\end{aligned} $ Nikitin等[142] 实验 ${h}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=\begin{cases}2.52{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.681}\quad \text{加热}\\5.49{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.625}\quad \text{冷却}\end{cases}$ 半圆形截面、
“Z”字形微通道
$ \begin{aligned}{d}_{{\mathrm{hot}}}&=1.9\;\text{mm}\\{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{Z}},}{}_{{\mathrm{hot}}}&=115{^{\circ}}\\{d}_{{\mathrm{cold}}}&=1.8\;\text{mm}\\{\alpha }_{{\mathrm{Z,cold}}}&=110{^{\circ}}\end{aligned} $二氧化碳 $ \begin{aligned}& 2\;800 \lt {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 5\;800\\& \text{加热}\\& 6\;200 \lt {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 12\;100\\& \text{冷却}\end{aligned} $ Kim等[143] 实验和仿真 $ N{u}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=4.065+0.003\;05{{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $ 半圆形截面、
“Z”字形微通道
$ \begin{aligned}& d=1.51\;\text{mm}\\& {\alpha }_{Z}=150{^{\circ}}\end{aligned} $氦 $ \begin{aligned}& 350 \lt {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 800\\& {{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.66\\& 1.5\;\text{MPa} \lt P \lt 1.9\;\text{MPa}\end{aligned} $ Jackson[136] 实验 ${{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.018\;3{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.82}{Pr}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.5}{\left(\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{w}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{b}}}}\right)}^{0.3}{\left(\dfrac{{\overline{c}}_{p}}{{c}_{p,{\mathrm{b}}}}\right)}^{n} $ 水平圆管
$ {d}_{i}=19\;\text{mm} $水、二氧化碳 $ {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\geqslant 8\;000 $ Seo等[145] 实验 $ \begin{aligned}& N{u}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.720\;3{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.177\;5}{{Pr} }^{1/3}{\left({\mu }_{{\mathrm{b}}}/{\mu }_{{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}^{0.14}\\& \text{加热}\end{aligned} $ 半月形截面、直微
通道宽0.8 mm，高
0.6 mm水 $ 100\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 850 $ Liu等[148] 实验 $ N{u}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.122\;9{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.602\;1}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.3}{\left(\dfrac{{c}_{p,{\mathrm{w}}}}{{c}_{p,{\mathrm{b}}}}\right)}^{0.131} $ 圆形截面、
水平直微通道
$ d=1.87\;\text{mm} $二氧化碳 3 600 < Reb < 36 500
0.9 < Prb < 10.6
7.53 MPa < P < 11.97 MPa
299.55 K < Tb < 394.42 K
50.03 kg/(m2s) < G < 780.11 kg/(m2s)Katz等[149] 实验和仿真 $ N{u}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=\begin{cases}0.026\;09{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.876\;5}\overline{{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/3}\quad {\text{CO}}_{2}\\0.080\;72{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.435\;9}\overline{{Pr} }_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/3}\quad \text{He}\end{cases} $ 近似半圆形截面、
“Z”字形微通道
$ \begin{aligned}{d}_{h}&=1\;\text{mm}\\{\alpha }_{Z}&=106{^{\circ}}\end{aligned} $二氧化碳、氦 $ \begin{aligned}& 500\leqslant {{Re}}_{\mathrm{b},{{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}}}\leqslant 16\;000\\& {P}_{{{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}}}=20\;\text{MPa}\\& 293\;\text{K} \lt {T}_{{{\mathrm{CO}}_{2}}} \lt 473\;\text{K}\\& 300\leqslant {{Re}}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{He}}\leqslant 3\;000\\& {P}_{\mathrm{He}}=4\;\text{MPa}\\& 293\;\text{K} \lt {T}_{\mathrm{He}} \lt 823\;\text{K}\end{aligned} $ 北航团队[38,132] 实验 $ N{u}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.008\;9{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.83}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.021}{\left(\dfrac{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{b}}}}{{\rho }_{{\mathrm{w}}}}\right)}^{0.105}{\left(\dfrac{{c}_{p,{\mathrm{b}}}}{{c}_{p,{\mathrm{w}}}}\right)}^{0.003} $ 水平圆管
$ {d}_{i}=0.8\;\text{mm} $甲烷 $ \begin{aligned}& 5\;000\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 30\;000\\& 4.8\;\text{MPa} \lt P \lt 7.5\;\text{MPa}\end{aligned} $ 北航团队[150] 实验 $ N{u}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.010\;3{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.902\;2}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/3} $ 半椭圆形截面、
“Z”字形微通道
$ \begin{aligned}{d}_{h}&=291.6\;\text{μm}\\{\alpha }_{Z}&=160{^{\circ}}\end{aligned} $氦 $ \begin{aligned}& 1\;350\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 8\;200\\& P \lt 10\;\text{MPa}\end{aligned} $ Yu等[134] 实验 $ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.023{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.8}{Pr} _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.4}\text{exp[0.3(1-}\overline{{c}_{p,\mathrm{b}}}/\overline{{c}_{p,\mathrm{b},\mathrm{che}}})] $ 水平圆管
$ {d}_{i}=2\;\text{mm} $正癸烷，
甲基环己烷，
乙苯$ \begin{aligned}& 24\;000\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 35\;000\\& 50\;{\text{kW/m}}^{2} \lt q \lt 320\;{\text{kW/m}}^{2}\end{aligned} $ 注：各关联式中，下角标b指代流体体平均参数，微通道问题中雷诺数 特征长度为水力直径。
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A2 管外流体绕流叉排圆管对流换热经验关联式
A2. Empirical correlations for convective heat transfer of fluid cross flow over staggered circular tubes
文献 方法 经验关联式 结构类型及尺寸 流体类型 工况范围 Colburn[152] 实验 $ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.33{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.6}Pr _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/3} $ 叉排圆管 空气 $ \begin{aligned}& 10\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 40\;000\\& {N}_{\mathrm{row}}\geqslant 10\end{aligned} $ Žukauskas[153] 实验 $ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}={\varepsilon }_{n}c{\left(\dfrac{{s}_{T}}{{s}_{L}}\right)}^{{{k}_{1}}}{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{{k}_{2}}Pr _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.36}{\left({Pr }_{{\mathrm{b}}}/{Pr }_{{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}^{0.25} $ 叉排圆管
$ {d}_{o}=30\;\text{mm} $空气 $ \begin{aligned}& 1\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 2\times {10}^{6}\\& 0.7\leqslant {Pr }_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 500\end{aligned} $ Kays和London[154] 实验 $ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}={C}_{h}{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.6}{Pr}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/3} $ 叉排圆管 空气 $ \begin{aligned}& 1.25 \lt {s}_{T} \lt 2.5\\& 0.75 \lt {s}_{L} \lt 1.5\\& 300 \lt {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 15\;000\end{aligned} $ Chen和Wung[155] 仿真 $ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.78{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.45}Pr _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.38} $ 叉排圆管 空气 $ \begin{aligned}& {s}_{T}={s}_{L}=2{d}_{o}\\& 40 \lt {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 800\\& 0.1 \lt {{Pr}}_{{\mathrm{b}}} \lt 10\end{aligned} $ Khan[156] 仿真及
数值分析$ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=\dfrac{0.61{s}_{T}{}^{0.091}{s}_{L}{}^{0.053}}{1-2\exp \left(-1.09{s}_{L}\right)}{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/2}Pr _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{1/3} $ 叉排圆管
$ 1\;\text{mm}\leqslant {d}_{o}\leqslant 3\;\text{mm} $空气 $ \begin{aligned}& 1.05{d}_{o}\leqslant {s}_{T}\leqslant 3{d}_{o}\\& 1.05{d}_{o}\leqslant {s}_{L}\leqslant 3{d}_{o}\\& {10}^{3}\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant {10}^{5}\end{aligned} $ Li等[158] 仿真 $ {{Nu}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}=0.126{Re}_{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.786}Pr _{{\mathrm{b}}}^{0.36}{\left({Pr }_{{\mathrm{b}}}/{Pr }_{{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}^{0.25} $ 叉排圆管
$ {d}_{o}=1\;\text{mm} $空气 $ \begin{aligned}& {s}_{T}=2{d}_{o},{s}_{L}=2.5{d}_{o}\\& 500\leqslant {{Re}}_{{\mathrm{b}}}\leqslant 1\;500\end{aligned} $
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