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摘要:
飞机地面滑行是航空运输系统中集效率、安全与碳排放关键矛盾于一体的核心环节。面对航班量持续增长带来的运行压力，传统全引擎滑行及调度牵引模式暴露出滑行时间延长、地面碰撞风险高和燃油消耗巨大等问题。为应对这些挑战，系统综述了单引擎滑行、半机器人调度牵引和机载电机/液压驱动滑行3类现代飞机地面滑行技术的研究进展与应用成效，分析了各类技术在提升运行效率、增强安全性和降低燃油排放等方面的潜力与局限，并探讨了适航认证、机场适配等共性瓶颈。在此基础上，进一步提出了分阶段推进的技术路径，建议近期以提高单引擎滑行的运行效率为重点，逐步拓展半机器人调度牵引系统的应用范围，探索零排放机载滑行技术的可行性。该路径可为中国大型机场地面运行优化和行业减排工作提供参考性思路与实践方向。
Abstract:Aircraft taxiing represents a critical phase in air transportation systems, where efficiency, safety, and carbon emissions converge as key challenges. Amid increasing flight volumes and operational pressures, traditional full engine taxiing and dispatch towing taxiing have revealed significant limitations, including prolonged taxi times, elevated risks of ground collisions, and substantial fuel consumption. Three contemporary ground taxiing technologies—single-engine taxiing, semi-robotic dispatch towing, and onboard electric/hydraulic taxiing systems—are thoroughly reviewed in this paper along with their practical applications. The potential and constraints of each technology in enhancing taxiing efficiency, improving safety, and reducing fuel consumption and emissions are analyzed. Additionally covered are typical roadblocks like airport compatibility and airworthiness certification. Based on this review, a phased implementation strategy is proposed: near-term efforts should focus on optimizing single-engine taxiing operations, gradually expanding the application of semi-robotic dispatch towing systems, and exploring the feasibility of zero-emission onboard taxiing technologies. This approach aims to provide actionable insights and practical directions for optimizing ground operations and reducing emissions at major airports in China.
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Key words:
- aircraft taxiing /
- dispatch towing /
- on-board taxiing systems /
- electric taxiing /
- hydraulic taxiing
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图 12 机载液压驱动滑行技术原理
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of onboard hydraulic taxiing technology
表 1 Taxibot与电动后推系统的主要区别
Table 1. The main difference between Taxibot and EP system
主要系统 主控者 操作阶段 飞机状态 技术本质 Taxibot 飞行员 后推+全滑行 主发全程关闭 可实现无主发滑行的技术创新 电动后推系统 地面驾驶员 仅后推 后推完成需主发滑行 传统地面拖车的升级版，不改变飞机滑行操作流程 
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表 2 电动滑行系统对比
Table 2. Comparison of electric taxiing systems
单位名称 配置方式 质量/kg 峰值功率/kW 最大速度/kn 牵引重量/t WheelTug公司 NLG 150 N/A 9 N/A 德国宇航中心 NLG N/A 50 13.5 80 赛峰集团 MLG 420 120 20 80 注：N/A表示数据未知。
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表 3 机载电机/液压驱动滑行系统对比
Table 3. Comparison between motor taxiing system and hydraulic taxiing system
滑行方式 与机轮连接
方式功重比/
（Nm·kg−1）高速脱离形式 应用情况 环保性 可靠性 同等功率消耗下的
装置质量/kg液压驱动
滑行直接驱动 100 液压马达内部脱开 适用性广，尤其对于
吨位较大的飞机存在液压油
泄漏强 100 电机驱动
滑行减速器、
离合器40～50 传动机构脱开或采用
电气保护策略适用于窄体客体
(80 t)或更小的飞机好 存在中间传动机构，
可靠性较差400
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