燃料电池航空动力谱系——重塑零碳飞行新格局

李致朋; 高子博; 刘伟栋; 彭飞扬; 刘鸿; 韩庆

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0796

燃料电池航空动力谱系——重塑零碳飞行新格局

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0796

1.
西北工业大学柔性电子研究院，西安 710072
2.
西北工业大学航空学院，西安 710072

基金项目:

中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(D5000230358)；陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-456)

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：iamzpli@nwpu.edu.cn

中图分类号: V237；TM911.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-11-17
- 录用日期: 2025-11-28
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-17
- 整期出版日期: 2026-10-01

Fuel cells for aviation: a new paradigm for carbon-neutral flight

1.
Institute of Flexible Electronics，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi’an 710072，China
2.
School of Aeronautics，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi’an 710072，China

Funds:

The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (D5000230358); Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Plan (2024GX-YBXM-456)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：iamzpli@nwpu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
在全球航空业加速推进碳中和的背景下，燃料电池航空推进系统凭借高能效和零碳排放等优势，成为替代传统燃油动力的关键方向之一。该研究聚焦质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)与固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)，系统梳理了两类燃料电池的工作原理、系统架构、关键技术瓶颈及适用场景，并从能量载体类型、功率特性、使用寿命及环境效益等多个方面，与锂电推进系统进行了比较分析。结果表明，PEMFC更适合用于短途及支线航空，而SOFC则在长航时任务中展现出显著潜力。尽管目前在储氢、热管理、系统集成与成本方面仍存在挑战，燃料电池航空动力系统通过结构优化与混合能源架构的持续发展，预期将在续航能力与减排效果等方面获得显著提升，有望成为支撑绿色航空转型的重要技术途径。
- 燃料电池 /
- 航空 /
- 固体氧化物燃料电池 /
- 质子交换膜燃料电池 /
- 可持续航空 /
- 混合动力系统
Abstract:
Due to their great energy efficiency and zero carbon emissions, fuel cell aircraft propulsion systems have become a crucial alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based power in the context of the aviation industry’s increasing attempts to become carbon neutral. This study focused on proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), systematically analyzing their working principles, system architectures, key technological challenges, and applicable scenarios. The research also compared these systems with lithium battery propulsion systems from multiple perspectives, including energy carrier type, power characteristics, service life, and environmental benefits. The findings reveal that while SOFC have great promise for long-endurance missions, PEMFC are better suited for short-range aircraft applications. Although challenges remain in hydrogen storage, thermal management, system integration, and cost, continued advances in structural optimization and hybrid energy architectures are expected to significantly improve the endurance and emission reduction performance of fuel cell-based aviation power systems. These developments support their role as a critical technological pathway toward green aviation.
- fuel cell /
- aviation /
- solid oxide fuel cell /
- proton exchange membrane fuel cell /
- sustainable aviation /
- hybrid powertrains

HTML全文

图 1 PEMFC动力系统架构

Figure 1. PEMFC power system architecture

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图 2 SOFC动力系统架构

Figure 2. SOFC power system architecture

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图 3 PEMFC与SOFC电堆实物图

Figure 3. Photographs of PEMFC and SOFC stacks

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图 4 PEMFC工作原理图^[30]

Figure 4. PEMFC schematic diagram^[30]

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图 5 PEMFC动力系统从车用领域向航空领域的迁移应用

Figure 5. Migration of PEMFC power systems from automotive to aviation applications

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图 6 PEMFC的毫秒级瞬态响应性能^[39]

Figure 6. Millisecond-scale transient response performance of PEMFC^[39]

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图 7 基于微通道的轻量化燃料电池部件^[57-58]

Figure 7. Microchannel-based components for fuel cell lightweighting^[57-58]

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图 8 SOFC工作原理图

Figure 8. SOFC schematic diagram

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图 9 多元燃料与电池体系的能量密度对比^[99]

Figure 9. Comparation of energy densities among multi-fuel and battery systems^[99]

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图 10 中国航油出厂价^[101]

Figure 10. Ex-works price of aviation fuel in China^[101]

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图 11 燃料电池与锂电池航空动力系统的技术范式谱系及其任务适配性分析

Figure 11. Spectrum of technological paradigms and mission adaptability analysis for fuel cell and lithium battery aviation powertrains

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图 12 混合动力飞机集成的燃料电池动力系统^[135]

Figure 12. Fuel-cell powertrain integrated in a hybrid-electric aircraft^[135]

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图 13 热-温度-反应回路

Figure 13. Heat-temperature-reaction loop

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图 14 氢气全产业链示意图

Figure 14. Schematic of the full hydrogen value chain

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图 15 燃料电池航空示范应用

Figure 15. Demonstration of fuel cell applications in aviation

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表 1 重烃燃料3种重整路径的性能对比^[71-73]

Table 1. Performance comparison of three reforming pathways for heavy hydrocarbon fuels^[71-73]

路径	外部供热需求	典型反应温度/℃	氢气体积分数	H₂/CO体积比	启动时间/min	动态响应	系统质量与体积	适用场景
SR	是	750～900	0.70～0.80	≈3～4	> 20	分钟级	大	固定式
POX	否	1100～1200	0.35～0.45	≈1～1.5	<1	秒级	紧凑	紧凑设备
ATR	否	900～1150	0.40～0.55	≈2～2.5	10～20	<1 min	略大于POX	车载/航空

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