氢燃料电池无人机研究进展与关键技术

徐伟强; 张炳鑫; 祝赫; 陈黎

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0440

氢燃料电池无人机研究进展与关键技术

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0440

徐伟强^{1, 2, ,},
张炳鑫²,
祝赫¹,
陈黎³

1.
天目山实验室，杭州 311115
2.
北京航空航天大学航空科学与工程学院，北京 100191
3.
西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，西安 710049

基金项目:

天目山实验室关键领域科研项目(TK-2024-D-011, TK-2025-D-003)

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：09430@buaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: V279
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- 文章访问数: 99
- HTML全文浏览量: 39
- PDF下载量: 4
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-06-29
- 录用日期: 2026-08-21
- 网络出版日期: 2026-08-28
- 整期出版日期: 2026-10-31

Research progress and key technologies of hydrogen fuel cell UAVs

XU Weiqiang^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHANG Bingxin²,
ZHU He¹,
CHEN Li³

1.
Tianmushan Laboratory，Hangzhou 311115，China
2.
School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China
3.
School of Energy and Power Engineering，Xi’an Jiaotong University，Xi’an 710049，China

Funds:

Tianmushan Laboratory Key Research Project (TK-2024-D-011,TK-2025-D-003)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：09430@buaa.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
在低空经济崛起与绿色航空发展的背景下，氢燃料电池混合动力无人机凭借高能量密度和零排放等优势，成为突破传统锂电无人机续航瓶颈的关键路径。基于此，对氢动力无人机的发展及其涉及的关键技术进行总结和梳理，并对氢燃料电池混合动力无人机未来的发展进行合理展望，旨在为相关研究提供参考。对氢动力航空器的发展历程和技术演替、氢燃料电池动力系统的优势以及氢燃料电池无人机的发展现状进行概述；对氢燃料电池混合动力无人机涉及的氢燃料电池技术、多源混合能源系统技术、机载储氢技术、能量管理策略以及热管理策略进行系统梳理；结合氢能无人机各关键技术的研究现状及其实际应用中所面临的问题，对未来的发展方向进行合理展望。
- 无人机 /
- 氢燃料电池 /
- 混合动力 /
- 机载储氢 /
- 能量管理 /
- 热管理
Abstract:
Due to their high energy density and zero emissions, hydrogen fuel cell UAVs have become a vital means of overcoming the endurance limitations of traditional lithium-battery-powered UAVs in the context of a growing low-altitude economy and the development of green aviation. This paper provides a comprehensive review and systematic categorization of the development and key technologies of hydrogen-fuel cell UAVs, along with a reasonable outlook on their future evolution, to serve as a valuable reference for related research. In particular, the paper starts with a summary of the scientific advancements and developmental history of hydrogen-powered aircraft, the inherent benefits of hydrogen fuel cell powertrain systems, and the state of the art in hydrogen fuel cell unmanned aerial vehicles. Subsequently, a systematic analysis is conducted on the core technologies involved in hydrogen fuel cell UAVs, including hydrogen fuel cell technology, multi-source hybrid energy systems, airborne hydrogen storage technology, energy management strategies, and thermal management strategies. Lastly, a summary of the study’s significant findings is provided, and future research directions are indicated by matching the state of these important technologies' research with the real-world difficulties they face.
- unmanned aerial vehicles /
- hydrogen fuel cells /
- hybrid power /
- on-board hydrogen storage /
- energy management /
- thermal management

HTML全文

图 1 Tu-155验证机^[19]

Figure 1. Tu-155 demonstrator^[19]

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图 2 固定翼/复合翼氢动力无人机代表机型^[23,25,27]

Figure 2. Representative hydrogen-powered fixed-wing/hybrid-wing UAV models^[23,25,27]

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图 3 氢动力旋翼无人机国内代表机型^[28,30-32]

Figure 3. Representative domestic hydrogen-powered rotary-wing UAV models^[28,30-32]

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图 4 PEMFC工作原理

Figure 4. PEMFC working principle

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图 5 PEMFC的典型能量流图^[39]

Figure 5. Typical energy flow diagram of PEMFC^[39]

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图 6 开放阴极质子交换膜燃料电池^[45]

Figure 6. Open-cathode PEMFC^[45]

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图 7 串联混合动力架构^[56]

Figure 7. Series hybrid power architecture^[56]

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图 8 移动式液氢加注撬及液氢加氢机^[69]

Figure 8. Mobile liquid hydrogen refueling skid and liquid hydrogen dispenser^[69]

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图 9 混合能源系统能量管理总体框架

Figure 9. Overall energy management framework for hybrid energy system

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图 10 氢燃料电池无人机能量管理策略的分类及主要特征

Figure 10. Classification and key characteristics of energy management strategies for hydrogen fuel cell UAVs

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表 1 5种高压储氢瓶的性能对比^[61]

Table 1. Performance comparison of 5 types high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinders^[61]

罐体类型	材料组成	最大内压/MPa	质量储氢密度/%
Ⅰ	金属储瓶	<20	1
Ⅱ	纤维复合材料包覆的金属瓶	<30	2
Ⅲ	带金属衬垫的复合瓶	35～70	3.9～5
Ⅳ	带有聚合物内衬的复合瓶	70	5
Ⅴ	无内衬复合瓶	>70	7.5

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表 2 能量管理策略常见评价指标

Table 2. Common evaluation metrics for energy management strategies

评价维度	常用具体评价指标
氢耗	瞬时氢气消耗率/任务周期总氢耗
能源利用效率	燃料电池系统效率
动态响应特性	功率跟踪精度、响应延时、电压波动范围
算法实时性与计算开销	单步计算时间、训练时间/ 收敛速度（学习类策略）
鲁棒性与适应性	扰动及工况变化下主要性能指标的变化情况

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