Influence of heat treatment and measurement methods on material hardness evaluation by longitudinal wave velocity
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摘要:
硬度是材料力学性能的重要指标之一，目前采用超声无损检测方法评价材料的硬度指标存在诸多挑战。通过搭建高精度声时测量系统，采用超声纵波脉冲反射回波法测量不同热处理45钢试件沿厚度方向的超声波传播声时，计算超声纵波声速。同时改变门信号的测量方式，研究不同热处理及门信号测量方式对超声纵波声速评价材料硬度的影响。建立材料硬度、微观组织以及超声纵波声速之间的映射关系，得到超声纵波声速评价45钢试件硬度指标的标定模型，并对标定模型进行验证。标定模型预测硬度误差满足工程应用误差10%的要求。
Abstract:Hardness is one of the important indexes of mechanical performance of materials, and employing ultrasonic nondestructive testing method for hardness evaluation faces many challenges now. In this paper, through setting up high-precision ultrasonic wave transmission time measurement system, the longitudinal wave propagation time in the thickness direction of different heat treated 45 steel specimens was measured by pulse reflected echo method, and the longitudinal wave velocity was calculated. Simultaneously, the gate signal measurement methods were changed, and the effects of different heat treatment and gate signal measurement methods on hardness evaluation by the longitudinal wave velocity were studied.On this basis, the mapping relationship among material hardness, microstructure and longitudinal wave velocity was obtained, and the calibration model for evaluating the hardness of 45 steel specimens by longitudinal wave velocity was established and verified. The hardness prediction error by the calibration model meets the error requirement of 10% for engineering application.
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Key words:
- longitudinal wave velocity /
- hardness /
- microstructure /
- measurement signal /
- mapping relationship
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图 1 材料力学性能指标-微观组织-无损检测信号特征参量之间的关系
Figure 1. Relationship among material mechanical property indices, microstructure and non-destructive testing signal characteristic parameters
图 2 超声检测方法评价材料力学性能标定过程框图
Figure 2. Block diagram of calibration process of material mechanical property evaluation by ultrasonic testing method
图 3 测量门信号与接收超声纵波信号位置(测量方法1)
Figure 3. Measured position of gate signal and received ultrasonic longitudinal wave signal (Measuring method 1)
图 4 测量门信号与接收超声纵波信号位置(测量方法2)
Figure 4. Measured position of gate signal and received ultrasonic longitudinal wave signal (Measuring method 2)
图 6 标定45钢试件不同热处理微观组织
Figure 6. Calibrated 45 steel specimens with different heat treated microstructures
图 7 超声纵波探头幅频特性
Figure 7. Ultrasonic longitudinal wave probe amplitude-frequency characteristics
图 8 超声纵波声时和声速随标定试件热处理方法的变化
Figure 8. Variation of ultrasonic longitudinal wave propagation time and velocity with calibrated specimen heat treatment system
图 9 标定试件硬度与测量方法1和2所得超声纵波声速线性拟合
Figure 9. Linear fitting between calibrated specimen hardness and ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity measured by measuring method 1 and 2
图 10 不同热处理45钢试件X射线衍射图
Figure 10. X-ray diffraction patterns of different heat treated 45 steel specimens
图 11 不同热处理45钢试件硬度随晶格畸变程度变化
Figure 11. Variation of hardness of different heat treated 45 steel specimens with lattice distortion degree
图 12 不同热处理45钢试件超声纵波声速随晶格畸变程度变化
Figure 12. Variation of ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity of different heat treated 45 steel specimens with lattice distortion degree
表 1 标定45钢试件热处理方法及硬度
Table 1. Heat treatment methods and hardness of calibrated 45 steel specimens
热处理方法 冷却方式 回火温度/℃ 保温时间/min 硬度/HBW A 炉冷 129 N 空冷 155 600T 空冷 600 30 192 400T 空冷 400 30 340 200T 空冷 200 30 489 WQ 水冷 522 
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表 2 标定试件超声纵波声速(测量方法1)
Table 2. Calibrated specimen ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity (Measuring method 1)
热处理方法 d/mm 一次回波 二次回波 vL/(m·s-1) t1/μs Et1/μs t2/μs Et2/μs A 18.98 9.397 9 0.001 15.827 6 0.001 5 904 N 18.99 9.391 7 0.001 15.830 1 0.008 5 899 600T 18.98 9.373 4 0.002 15.827 0 0.003 5 882 400T 18.99 9.351 3 0.004 15.814 1 0.005 5 876 200T 18.98 9.335 4 0.003 15.828 5 0.005 5 846 WQ 18.98 9.315 4 0.008 15.843 0 0.009 5 815
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表 3 标定试件超声纵波声速(测量方法2)
Table 3. Calibrated specimen ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity (Measuring method 2)
热处理方法 d/mm t/μs Et/μs vL/(m·s-1) A 18.98 3.213 2 0.006 5 907 N 18.99 3.217 8 0.009 5 901 600T 18.98 3.224 3 0.003 5 886 400T 18.99 3.233 0 0.005 5 873 200T 18.98 3.243 8 0.005 5 851 WQ 18.98 3.273 4 0.009 5 798
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表 4 不同热处理45钢试件晶格畸变程度
Table 4. Degree of lattice distortion of different heat treated 45 steel specimens
热处理方法 晶格畸变程度/% A 0 N 0.033 600T 0.094 400T 0.168 200T 0.369 WQ 0.509
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