基于异步卷积分解与分流结构的单阶段检测器

赵蓬辉; 孟春宁; 常胜江

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2018.0564

基于异步卷积分解与分流结构的单阶段检测器

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2018.0564

1.
南开大学电子信息与光学工程学院现代光学研究所, 天津 300350
2.
中国人民武装警察部队海警学院电子技术系, 宁波 315801

基金项目:

公安部技术研究计划 2017JSYJC10

详细信息

作者简介:
赵蓬辉  男, 硕士研究生。主要研究方向:视频目标检测、深度学习

孟春宁  男, 博士, 副教授。主要研究方向:图像处理、人工智能、信息安全

常胜江  男, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师。主要研究方向:数字图像处理、太赫兹功能器件、深度学习

通讯作者:
孟春宁, E-mail:mengchunning123@163.com

中图分类号: TP391.4
计量
- 文章访问数: 623
- HTML全文浏览量: 96
- PDF下载量: 383
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-09-27
- 录用日期: 2019-05-18
- 网络出版日期: 2019-10-20

Single shot multibox detector based on asynchronous convolution factorization and shunt structure

1.
Institute of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
2.
Department of Electronic Technology, China Coast Guard Academy, Ningbo 315801, China

Funds:

Technology Research Project of Public Security Ministry 2017JSYJC10

More Information

Corresponding author: MENG Chunning, E-mail:mengchunning123@163.com

摘要

摘要:
目标检测网络SSD的多层回归特征图存在各层回归计算之间相对独立的问题，且基于SSD改进的系列算法在提高检测精度的同时难以兼顾实时性。针对上述问题，提出一种基于异步卷积分解与分流（shunt）结构的单阶段目标检测器。基于异步卷积分解算法设计了一种shunt结构，交错连接多层特征图，增强了回归计算之间的统一性与协调性。优化了原有高层主流结构，在主流结构与shunt结构中分别用最大池化和异步卷积分解2种不同的方式对特征图大小进行降维，保留空间相关信息的同时提高了特征的多样性。实验结果表明，将VOC2007trainval和VOC2012trainval中的图片统一缩小至300像素×300像素进行训练，提出的目标检测器在VOC2007test上进行检测时的平均精度均值可达到80.5%，检测速度超过30帧/s。
- 目标检测 /
- 卷积神经网络 /
- 异步卷积分解 /
- 分流结构 /
- 结构优化
Abstract:
Single shot multibox detector (SSD) owns the relatively independent regression computations of multi-regressive feature maps, while the object detection algorithms based on SSD cannot make a tradeoff between detection accuracy and real-time speed. To solve the problems above, a single shot mutibox detector based on asynchronous convolution factorization and shunt structure (FA-SSD) is introduced based on asynchronous convolution factorization algorithm and shunt structure. The shunt structure, based on the proposed asynchronous convolution factorization algorithm, is designed to staggerly connect the layers of regression features, enhancing the unity and coordination between regression calculations. In order to optimize the mainstream of high-level structure, the asynchronous convolution factorization algorithm and max pooling are implemented to reduce the dimension of image features in the mainstream and shunt respectively, which can hold the spatial information while improving the diversity of features. According to the experimental results from VOC2007test, FA-SSD achieves a mean average precision of 80.5% after the training of VOC2007trainval and VOC2012trainval with nominal resolution of 300×300, while the detection speed exceeds 30 frames per second.
- object detection /
- convolutional neural networks /
- asynchronous convolution factorization /
- shunt structure /
- structure optimization

HTML全文

图 1 SSD算法计算流程

Figure 1. Computation procedure of SSD algorithm

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 基于VGG前端的SSD网络结构

Figure 2. Network structure of SSD based on VGG front end

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 FA-SSD网络结构

Figure 3. Network structure of FA-SSD

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 异步卷积分解算法

Figure 4. Asynchronous convolution factorization algorithm

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 回归特征图层间的shunt结构

Figure 5. Shunt structure between layers of regressive feature image

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 高层网络局部结构

Figure 6. Local structure of high-level network

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 数据增广

Figure 7. Data augmentation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 损失变化曲线

Figure 8. Loss variation curves

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 不同迭代次数下的平均精度均值

Figure 9. Mean average precision under different numbers of iteration

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 不同数目的shunt结构对检测的影响

Figure 10. Influence of different numbers of shunt structure on detection

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 高层网络的优化

Figure 11. Optimization of high-level network

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 高层结构优化对检测的影响

Figure 12. Influence of high-level structure optimization on detection

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 FA-SSD300在VOC2007test上的部分检测结果

Figure 13. Partial detection results of FA-SSD300 on VOC2007test

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同算法在VOC2007test上的检测结果

Table 1. Detection results of different algorithms on VOC2007test

算法	训练数据	预训练	底层网络	图片大小	建议框数	显卡	速度/(帧·s^-1)	m_AP/%
Fast R-CNN^[8]	07+12	√	VGGNet	600×1 000^*	300	K40	3.125	66.9
Faster R-CNN^[9]	07+12	√	VGGNet	600×1 000^*	300	K40	5	73.2
R-FCN^[22]	07+12	√	VGGNet	600×1 000	300	K40	5.8	75.6
YOLOv2^[12]	07+12	√	Darknet-19	352×352		Titan X	81	73.7
SSD300^[13]	07+12	×	VGGNet	300×300	8 732	Titan X	46	74.3
SSD300^[13]	07+12	√	VGGNet	300×300	8 732	Titan X	46	77.2
SSD300^*^[13]	07+12	×	VGGNet	300×300	8 732	1080Ti	43.5	74
DSOD300^[16]	07+12	×	DS/64-192-48-1	300×300	8 732	Titan X	17.4	77.7
DSSD321^[14]	07+12	√	ResNet	321×321	17 080	Titan X	9.5	78.6
FA-SSD300	07+12	×	VGGNet	300×300	8 732	1080Ti	30	79.0
FA-SSD300	07+12	√	VGGNet	300×300	8 732	1080Ti	30	80.5

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 针对VOC2007test具体类别的检测对比

Table 2. Comparison of specific category detections on VOC2007test

类别	Fast R-CNN^[8]	Faster R-CNN^[9]	ION^[22]	R-FCN^[23]	MR-CNN^[24]	SSD300^[13]	DSSD321^[14]	FA-SSD300
Aero	77.0	76.5	79.2	79.9	80.3	79.5	81.9	86.4
Bike	78.1	79	83.1	87.2	84.1	83.9	84.9	85.9
Bird	69.3	70.9	77.6	81.5	78.5	76	80.5	79.6
Boat	59.4	65.5	65.6	72	70.8	69.6	68.4	73.3
Bottle	38.3	52.1	54.9	69.8	68.5	50.4	53.9	53.6
Bus	81.6	83.1	85.4	86.8	88	87	85.6	90.2
Car	78.6	84.7	85.1	88.5	85.9	85.7	86.2	89.2
Cat	86.7	86.4	87	89.8	87.8	88.1	88.9	91.7
Chair	42.8	52	54.4	67	60.3	60.3	61.1	60.0
Cow	78.8	81.9	80.6	88.1	85.2	81.5	83.5	84.3
Table	68.9	65.7	73.8	74.5	73.7	77	78.7	80.9
Dog	84.7	84.8	85.3	89.8	87.2	86.1	86.7	89.1
Horse	82.0	84.6	82.2	90.6	86.5	87.5	88.7	87.4
Mbike	76.6	77.5	82.2	79.9	85	83.97	86.7	86.5
Person	69.9	76.7	74.4	81.2	76.4	79.4	79.7	83.3
Plant	31.8	38.8	47.1	53.7	48.5	52.3	51.7	54.2
Sheep	70.1	73.6	75.8	81.8	76.3	77.9	78	83.2
Sofa	74.8	73.9	72.7	81.5	75.5	79.4	80.9	82.3
Train	80.4	83	84.2	85.9	85	87.6	87.9	89.2
Tv	70.4	72.6	80.4	79.9	81	76.8	79.4	78.5
mAP/%	70.0	73.2	75.6	80.5	78.2	77.2	78.6	80.5

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(24)

[1]	VIOLA P, JONES M.Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2003: 511-518.
[2]	DALAL N, TRIGGS B.Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2005: 886-893.
[3]	FELZENSZWALB P, MCALLESTER D, RAMANAN D.A discriminatively trained, multiscale, deformable part model[C]//IEEE Computer, Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2008: 1-8.
[4]	EVERINGHAM M, GOOL L V, WILLIAMS C K I, et al.The pascal, visual object classes (VOC) challenge[J].International Journal of Computer Vision, 2010, 88(2):303-338. doi: 10.2533-chimia.2011.925/
[5]	李旭冬, 叶茂, 李涛.基于卷积神经网络的目标检测研究综述[J].计算机应用研究, 2017, 34(10):2881-2886. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3695.2017.10.001 LI X D, YE M, LI T. Review of object detection based on convolutional neural networks[J].Application Research of Computers, 2017, 34(10):2881-2886(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3695.2017.10.001
[6]	GIRSHICK R, DONAHUE J, DARRELL T, et al.Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation[C]//IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2014: 580-587.
[7]	HE K, ZHANG X, REN S, et al.Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition[J].IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 2014, 37(9):346-361.
[8]	GIRSHICK R.Fast R-CNN[C]//IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015: 1440-1448.
[9]	REN S, HE K, GIRSHICK R, et al.Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks[C]//International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015: 91-99.
[10]	LIN T Y, DOLLAR P, GIRSHICK R, et al.Feature pyramid networks for object detection[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2017: 936-944.
[11]	REDMON J, DIVVALA S, GIRSHICK R, et al.You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015: 779-788.
[12]	REDMON J, FARHADI A.YOLO9000: Better, faster, stronger[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2017: 6517-6525.
[13]	LIU W, ANGUELOV D, ERHAN D, et al.SSD: Single shot multibox detector[C]//European Conference on Computer Vision.Berlin: Springer, 2016: 21-37.
[14]	REDMON J, FARHADI A.YOLOv3: An incremental improvement[EB/OL].(2018-04-08)[2018-09-21].http://cn.arxiv.org/pdf/1804.02767v1.
[15]	FU C Y, LIU W, RANGA A, et al.DSSD: Deconvolutional single shot detector[EB/OL].(2017-01-23)[2018-09-21].http://cn.arxiv.org/pdf/1701.06659.
[16]	SHEN Z, LIU Z, LI J, et al.DSOD: Learning deeply supervised object detectors from scratch[C]//IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2017: 1937-1945.
[17]	SIMONYAN K, ZISSERMAN A.Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition[EB/OL].(2015-03-10)[2018-09-21].http://cn.arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1556.
[18]	HE K, ZHANG X, REN S, et al.Deep residual learning for image recognition[C]//IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015: 770-778.
[19]	SZEGEDY C, VANHOUCKE V, IOFFE S, et al.Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2016: 2818-2826.
[20]	IOFFE S, SZEGEDY C.Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift[EB/OL].(2015-03-02)[2018-09-26].https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03167.
[21]	RUSSAKOVSKY O, DENG J, SU H, et al.ImageNet large scale visual recognition challenge[J].International Journal of Computer Vision, 2015, 115(3):211-252. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/NSTLHY/NSTL_HYCC0214533907/
[22]	BELL S, ZITNICK C L, BALA K, et al.Inside-outside Net: Detecting objects in context with skip pooling and recurrent neural networks[C]//IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2016: 2874-2883.
[23]	DAI J, LI Y, HE K, et al.R-FCN: Object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks[EB/OL].(2016-06-21)[2018-09-26].https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.06409.
[24]	HE K, GKIOXARI G, DOLLAR P, et al.Mask R-CNN[C]//IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2017: 1-13.