-
摘要:
载荷谱的分散性是影响机群疲劳可靠性寿命的重要因素，阵风载荷是运输类飞机重要的损伤来源。为研究运输类飞机阵风载荷谱的损伤分散性，基于离散阵风模型，对调研得到的多个运输机型号的实测阵风速度超越数数据进行了统计分析；假定指定阵风速度下的超越数服从对数正态分布，建立了阵风速度超越数的分散性模型。采用Monte Carlo方法抽样得到单机阵风速度超越数曲线，得到单机随风载荷过载谱，计算得到单机阵风载荷谱损伤，对机群的阵风载荷谱损伤分散进行了研究，结合3个机型的使用剖面进行了算例分析。结果表明：运输类飞机的阵风载荷谱损伤服从对数正态分布，分散性取值与使用剖面密切相关。
Abstract:Load spectrum variation matters to fatigue reliability service life of a fleet. For transport aircraft, gust load is one of the critical damage sources. To study the damage variation of gust load spectra, two parts have been investigated. In the first process, gust velocity exceedance measured in service of several transport aircraft are statistically analyzed based on discrete-gust model. It is assumed that incremental exceedance of specific gust velocity follows lognormal distribution, and a model of gust velocity exceedance variation is built. In the second process, the damage variation of gust load spectra is studied. With the help of Monte Carlo simulation, gust velocity exceedance curves of aircraft in a fleet are acquired, after which damage of gust load spectra can be calculated. To examine the validity of the methodology, numerical examples are calculated, in which flight profiles of 3 specific transport aircraft are used. The results show that damage variation of gust load spectra of transport aircraft follows lognormal distribution and the values of scatter factor are relevant to flight profiles.
-
Key words:
- gust load /
- load spectrum /
- load variation /
- damage /
- aircraft structure
-
表 1 实测阵风速度超越数数据信息
Table 1. Information of measured gust velocity exceedance data
组织 型号 飞机起落次数 飞行时间/h 航程/n mile KSSU B747[21] 24 358 121 893 56 747 773 A320[22] 10 066 30 817 13 052 670 B737-400[23] 11 721 19 105 5 244 686 B767-200ER[24] 1 285 9 164 3 798 859 FAA B777-200ER[25] 10 047 67 000 30 502 553 BE1900D[26] 903 585 136 440 ERJ145XR[27] 47 273 88 305 34 747 170 MD82/83[28] 3 978 7 120 2 672 975 注：1n mile=1.852 km；B747的原始数据以增量超越数ΔN的形式给出。由于重心过载计数的门槛值为0.18g，导致小Ude值的ΔN计数并不准确，本文将该部分数据剔除。 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 A400M飞机基本参数
Table 2. Basic parameters of A400M aircraft
参数 翼展/m 长度/m 高度/m 机翼面积/m2 使用空重/kg 数值 41.4 42.0 14.5 221.5 66 500
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 A400M飞机典型使用剖面
Table 3. Typical flight profile of A400M aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) 质量/kg 指示空速/(n mile·h-1) Ma 距离/n mile 初期爬升 0.25 137 615 324.1 0.286 0.3 0.48 137 103 333.3 0.288 0.3 0.70 137 103 342.6 0.288 1.3 1.2 137 103 370.4 0.34 1.5 爬升 1.5 137 103 407.4 0.342 9.9 6.0 137 103 407.4 0.370 51.9 20.0 129 250 463 0.547 74.6 巡航 30.0 121 250 472.2 0.68 1 044 30.0 107 000 472.2 0.68 721.4 30.0 102 588 472.2 0.68 1 079.4 下降 20.0 102 588 463 0.54 72.4 6.0 102 588 407.4 0.3 11.7 接近 1.5 101 910 325.9 0.277 3.6 1.4 101 910 262.9 0.229 0.5 1.3 101 910 262.9 0.228 0.2 0.65 102 588 262.9 0.225 3.8
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 简化的A400M飞机使用剖面
Table 4. Simplified flight profile of A400M aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) 距离/n mile 质量/kg ve/(m·s-1) CLα 1 离场 0.87 3.4 137 171 97.9 4.70 2 爬升1 1.5 9.9 137 103 113.2 4.73 3 爬升2 6 51.9 137 103 113.2 4.76 4 爬升3 20 74.6 137 103 126.1 5.08 5 巡航 30 2 844.8 117 872 127.0 5.46 6 初期下降 20 72.4 102 588 128.1 5.07 7 后期下降 6 11.7 102 588 113.2 4.69 8 接近 1.089 8.1 102 211 80.8 4.66
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 P3C飞机基本参数
Table 5. Basic parameters of P3C aircraft
参数 翼展/m 长度/m 高度/m 机翼面积/m2 使用空重/kg 数值 30.37 35.61 10.27 120.8 27 216
下载: 导出CSV
表 6 P3C飞机任务段典型参数值
Table 6. Typical parameter values of mission segment of P3C aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) 距离/n mile 质量/kg ve/(m·s-1) CLα 1 爬升1 8.9 134.8 61 917 108.0 4.77 2 巡航1 17.9 717.6 58 086 107.5 4.87 3 下降1 11.9 73.2 54 642 133.5 4.96 4 搜索 6 575.8 51 804 128.6 4.83 5 下降2 3.5 34.7 49 088 133.8 4.83 6 攻击 1 270.8 47 875 154.3 4.90 7 爬升2 16.3 192.1 45 911 106.6 4.84 8 巡航2 31.7 1 071.6 41 691 118.7 5.41 9 下降3 15.8 37.4 38 223 132.0 5.03
下载: 导出CSV
表 7 B767-200飞机基本参数
Table 7. Basic parameters of B767-200 aircraft
参数 翼展/m 长度/m 高度/m 机翼面积/m2 使用空重/kg 数值 47.6 48.5 15.8 283.3 80 423
下载: 导出CSV
表 8 B767-200飞机任务段典型参数值
Table 8. Typical parameter values of mission segment of B767-200 aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) 距离/n mile 质量/kg ve/(m·s-1) CLα 1 离场 0.87 2.7 111 132 95.2 4.68 2 初期爬升 1.5 7.8 110 678 128.6 4.80 3 爬升 6 66.0 109 318 151.2 5.20 4 巡航 20 249.0 107 503 152.3 5.98 5 初期下降 30 60.0 106 142 182.1 5.57 6 下降 20 7.1 106 142 128.6 4.80 7 接近 6 4.9 106 142 83.3 4.66
下载: 导出CSV
表 9 使用剖面的载荷谱损伤分布特性检验
Table 9. Distribution characteristic test of load spectra damage of flight profile
型号 r 对数正态分布 威布尔分布 指数分布 A400M 0.974 0.904 0.914 P3C 0.986 0.919 0.989 B767-200 0.997 0.951 0.963
下载: 导出CSV
表 10 使用剖面的载荷谱损伤分布参数
Table 10. Distribution parameters of load spectra damage of flight profile
型号 μlg D σlg D Dave A400M 5.004 0.175 1.00×105 P3C 6.34 0.287 2.19×106 B767-200 5.989 0.161 9.75×105
下载: 导出CSV
表 11 A400M飞机任务段损伤分布特性检验
Table 11. Distribution characteristic test of load spectra damage of mission segments of A400M aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) r 对数正态分布 威布尔分布 指数分布 离场 0.87 0.999 0.957 0.91 爬升1 1.5 0.997 0.95 0.884 爬升2 6 0.998 0.968 0.99 爬升3 20 0.999 0.956 0.918 巡航 30 0.999 0.955 0.992 初期下降 20 0.999 0.958 0.959 后期下降 6 1.000 0.967 0.993 接近 1.089 0.998 0.955 0.733
下载: 导出CSV
表 12 P3C飞机任务段损伤分布特性检验
Table 12. Distribution characteristic test of load spectra damage of mission segments of P3C aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) r 对数正态分布 威布尔分布 指数分布 爬升1 8.9 1.000 0.966 0.989 巡航1 17.9 1.000 0.967 0.989 下降1 11.9 1.000 0.968 0.993 搜索 6 1.000 0.968 0.983 下降2 3.5 1.000 0.966 0.922 攻击 1 0.997 0.952 0.866 爬升2 16.3 1.000 0.967 0.985 巡航2 31.6 0.999 0.957 0.993 下降3 15.8 1.000 0.968 0.989
下载: 导出CSV
表 13 B767-200飞机任务段损伤分布特性检验
Table 13. Distribution characteristic test of load spectra damage of mission segments of B767-200 aircraft
任务段 高度/(103ft) r 对数正态分布 威布尔分布 指数分布 离场 0.87 0.997 0.953 0.843 初期爬升 1.5 1.000 0.965 0.951 爬升 6 1.000 0.967 0.992 巡航 20 0.999 0.958 0.993 初期下降 30 1.000 0.965 0.951 下降 20 1.000 0.966 0.977 接近 6 0.997 0.95 0.71
下载: 导出CSV
表 14 A400M飞机任务段的载荷谱损伤分布参数
Table 14. Distribution parameters of damage of load spectra of mission segments of A400M aircraft
任务段 高度/(103ft) μlg D σlg D dseg.ave 离场 0.87 0.364 3.892 7.80×103 爬升1 1.5 0.366 4.505 3.20×104 爬升2 6 0.28 3.635 4.32×103 爬升3 20 0.19 4.313 2.05×104 巡航 30 0.19 4.313 2.05×104 初期下降 20 0.285 3.403 2.53×103 后期下降 6 0.286 3.012 1.03×103 接近 1.089 0.369 3.815 6.53×103
下载: 导出CSV
表 15 P3C飞机任务段的载荷谱损伤分布参数
Table 15. Distribution parameters of damage of load spectra of mission segments of P3C aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) μlg D σlg D dseg.ave 爬升1 8.9 0.282 4.44 2.75×104 巡航1 17.9 0.282 5.148 1.40×105 下降1 11.9 0.285 4.324 2.11×104 搜索 6 0.285 5.092 1.24×105 下降2 3.5 0.364 4.529 3.38×104 攻击 1 0.373 6.201 1.59×106 爬升2 16.3 0.288 4.368 2.33×104 巡航2 31.7 0.189 3.751 5.64×103 下降3 15.8 0.286 3.754 5.67×103
下载: 导出CSV
表 16 B767-200飞机任务段的载荷谱损伤分布参数
Table 16. Distribution parameters of damage of load spectra of mission segments of B767-200 aircraft
任务段 高度/(103 ft) μlg D σlg D dseg.ave 离场 0.87 0.369 4.644 4.40×104 初期爬升 1.5 0.364 4.774 5.94×104 爬升 6 0.287 5.338 2.18×105 巡航 30 0.193 4.564 3.66×104 初期下降 15 0.29 5.541 3.48×105 下降 3 0.362 4.703 5.04×104 接近 1 0.371 4.726 5.32×104
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 中国人民解放军总装备部. 军用飞机结构强度规范. 第6部分: 重复载荷、耐久性和损伤容限: GJB 67.6A-2008[S]. 北京: 中国人民解放军总装各部, 2008: 2-6.General Armament Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Military airplane structural strength specification. Part 6: Repeated loads, durability and damage tolerance: GJB 67.6A-2008[S]. Beijing: General Armament Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 2008: 2-6(in Chinese). [2] Department of Defense of USA. Joint service specification guide: JSSG-2006[S]. Washington, D.C. : Department of Defense of USA, 2002: 62-64. [3] SVENSSON T. Prediction uncertainties at variable amplitude fatigue[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 1997, 19(93): 295-302. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(97)00021-2 [4] TOVO R. On the fatigue reliability evaluation of structural components under service loading[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2001, 23(7): 587-598. doi: 10.1016/S0142-1123(01)00021-4 [5] 贺小帆, 王强, 刘文珽. 基于Fokker 27飞机过载-超越数曲线族的严重超越数包线选取[J]. 航空学报, 2013, 34(4): 840-845. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HKXB201304015.htmHE X F, WANG Q, LIU W T. A method for determining the exceedance envelope of severe spectrum based on the acceleration-exceedance curves of Fokker 27 airplanes[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2013, 34(4): 840-845(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HKXB201304015.htm [6] HOFFMAN M E, HOFFMAN P C. Corrosion and fatigue research-Structural issues and relevance to naval aviation[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2001, 23: 1-10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0142112301001153 [7] SCHIJVE J. Statistical distribution functions and fatigue of structures[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2005, 27(9): 1031-1039. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2005.03.001 [8] 贺小帆, 董彦民, 刘文珽. 结构和载荷谱分散性分离的疲劳寿命可靠性[J]. 航空学报, 2010, 31(4): 732-737. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HKXB201004013.htmHE X F, DONG Y M, LIU W T. Reliability analysis on fatigue life with separated structural and load spectrum scatters[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2010, 31(4): 732-737(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HKXB201004013.htm [9] LINCOLN J W, MELLIERE R A. Economic life determination for a military aircraft[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 1999, 36(5): 737-742. doi: 10.2514/2.2512 [10] 王智, 刘文珽, 王磊. 单机结构疲劳分散系数研究[J]. 机械强度, 2009, 31(1): 150-154. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9669.2009.01.031WANG Z, LIU W T, WANG L. Study on fatigue scatter factor of individual aircraft structure[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2009, 31(1): 150-154(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9669.2009.01.031 [11] 李唐, 贺小帆, 隋芳媛, 等. 战斗机机群载荷谱损伤分散系数确定方法[J]. 工程力学, 2017, 34(4): 241-247. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCLX201704029.htmLI T, HE X F, SUI F Y, et al. Fatigue scattering factor for load spectra in a fighter fleet[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2017, 34(4): 241-247(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCLX201704029.htm [12] 王长江, 姚卫星. 使用情况差异对民机载荷谱地空地损伤分散性的影响[J]. 机械强度, 2013, 35(5): 668-673. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXQD201305021.htmWANG C J, YAO W X. Gag damage scatter of civil aircraft load spectra dur to variation in aircraft usage[J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2013, 35(5): 668-673(in Chinese). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXQD201305021.htm [13] 王长江. 民机载荷谱分散性及其等效方法研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014. https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/thesis/D674005WANG C J. Load spectrum equivalent approach andscatter analysis of civil aircraft[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014(in Chinese). https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/thesis/D674005 [14] 李唐, 贺小帆, 刘文珽. 基于Fokker F27机群载荷谱损伤分散性计算分析[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2015, 41(3): 551-558. doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0195LI T, HE X F, LIU W T. Calculation and analysis of the scatter of load spectrum damage based on Fokker F27 airplanes[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015, 41(3): 551-558(in Chinese). doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0195 [15] DONELY P. Summary of information relating to gust loads on airplanes: NACA TR-997[R]. Langley Field: Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1950: 8-14. [16] HOBLIT F M, PAUL N, SHELTON J D, et al. Development of a power-spectral gust design procedure for civil aircraft: FAA-ADS-53[R]. Burbank: Lockheed-California Company, 1966: 125-150. [17] BULLEN N I. A review of information on the frequency of gusts at low altitude: RAE Tech. Rep. 65141[R]. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1965: 3-7. [18] BENOY M B, GRAYLEY M E, et al. Average gust frequencies, subsonic transport aircraft: ESDU 69023D[R]. London: ESDU, 1989: 13-15. [19] ZALOVCIK J A, JEWEL J W, MORRIS G J, et al. Comparison of VGH data from wide-body and narrow-body long-haul turbine powered transports: NASA TN D-8481[R]. Washington, D.C. : NASA, 1977: 3-10. [20] FOWLER K R, WATANABE R T. Development of jet transport airframe fatigue test spectra[C]//STP1006-EB Development of Fatigue Loading Spectra. West Conshohocken: ASTM, 1989: 36-64. [21] HOUBOLT J C. Manual on the flight of flexible aircraft in turbulence[M]. London: Specialised Printing Services Limited, 1991: 34-36. [22] RUSTENBURG J W, SKINN D A, TIPPS D O. Statistical loads data for the Airbus A320 aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-02/35[R]. Springfield: FAA, 2002: 74-83. [23] RUSTENBURG J W, SKINN D A, TIPPS D O. Statistical loads data for the Boeing 737-400 aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-98/28[R]. Springfield: FAA, 1998: 59-69. [24] TIPPS D O, RUSTENBURG J W, SKINN D A. Statistical loads data for the B767-200ER aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-00/10[R]. Springfield: FAA, 2000: 53-60. [25] TIPPS D O, SKINN D A, RUSTENBURG J W, et al. Statistical loads data for the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-06/11[R]. Springfield: FAA, 2006: 74-81. [26] TIPPS D O, SKINN D A, RUSTENBURG J W. Statistical loads data for the BE1900D aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-00/11[R]. Springfield: FAA, 2000: 57-59. [27] JONES T, RUSTENBURG J W, SKINN D A. Statistical loads data for the Embraer-145XR aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-07/61[R]. Springfield: FAA, 2007: 64-70. [28] SKINN D A, TIPPS D O, RUSTENBURG J W. Statistical loads data for MD82/83 aircraft in commercial operations: DOT/FAA/AR-98/65[R]. Springfield: FAA, 1999: 51-57. [29] JONGE J B. Reduction of incremental load factor acceleration data to gust statistics: DOT/FAA/CT-94/57[R]. Springfield: FAA, 1999: 51-57. [30] 国家质量技术监督局. 数据的统计处理和解释正态性检验: GB/T 4882-2001[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2004.State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of the People's Republic of China. Statistical interpretation of data: Normality tests: GB/T 4882-2001[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2004(in Chinese). [31] ASKAR T. A400M fatigue load philosophy: M00RP0411804[R]. Hamburg: Airbus Operations GMBH, 2010: 13. [32] SHERMAN D J. An examination of the fatigue meter records from the RAAF orion P-3C fleet: AR-005-602[R]. Melbourne: DSTO, 1989: 20-29. [33] TRAN J K. An analysis of the U.S. Navy P-3C orion service life extension program: NSN 7540-01-280-5500[R]. Monterey: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014: 39. -
下载:
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 391
- HTML全文浏览量: 71
- PDF下载量: 47
- 被引次数: 0
