Energy consumption for production of jet fuel precursors from cellulosic biomass by hydrothermal method
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摘要:
生物质制备航空替代燃料对于全球碳减排和控制温室气体排放发挥十分重要的影响。纤维素类生物质来源广、年产量大成为其作为生物质原料的显著优势。结合目前纤维素类生物质研究的最新成果，深入研究了纤维素类生物质制备航油前驱物（糠醛（FF）、5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）、乙酰丙酸（LA））关键工艺单元的工艺参数和产率，通过Aspen Plus工艺模拟，研究比较了糠醛与乙酰丙酸制备工艺、糠醛与5-羟甲基糠醛制备工艺过程的物质流和能流，得出了不同工艺参数对产率的影响，并进行了能耗分析，为提高平台化合物的产率和降低能耗提供了理论基础。
Abstract:Biomass for production of alternative jet fuel has a very important impact on global carbon reduction and the control of greenhouse gas emissions. Wide sources and large annual output of cellulosic biomass have become its significant advantages as a biomass raw material to produce aviation alternative fuels. Based on the latest research results of cellulosic biomass, the process parameters and yield of the key process units for the production of jet fuel precursor (furfural (FF), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA)) from cellulosic biomass were studied in depth in this paper. Through Aspen Plus process simulation, the material flow and energy flow of FF and LA, FF and 5-HMF were studied and compared. The influence of different process parameters on the yield was obtained, and energy consumption analysis of the advantageous process flow was carried out, which provides a theoretical basis for increasing the yield of platform compounds and reducing energy consumption of production of alternative jet fuel from biomass.
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Key words:
- cellulosic biomass /
- alternative jet fuel /
- hydrolysis /
- energy consumption analysis /
- platform compound
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图 1 纤维素转化平台化合物可能发生的反应
Figure 1. Possible reactions of cellulose converted to platform compounds
图 2 半纤维素转化平台化合物可能发生的反应
Figure 2. Possible reactions of hemicellulose converted to platform compounds
图 6 预处理-催化转化法的模拟流程
Figure 6. Simulation process of pretreatment-catalytic conversion method
图 8 两级预处理转化方法的模拟流程
Figure 8. Simulation process of two-stage pretreatment conversion method
图 9 预处理后催化转化糠醛和5-HMF
Figure 9. Catalytic conversion of furfural and 5-HMF after pretreatment
图 10 预处理后制备糠醛和5-HMF的模拟流程
Figure 10. Simulation process for producing furfural and 5-HMF after pretreatment
原料 成分含量/% 纤维素 半纤维素 木质素 大麦秸秆 48.6 29.7 21.7 亚麻杆 36.7 34.4 28.9 大豆秸秆 29.2 35.5 35.3 燕麦杆 44.8 33.4 21.8 油菜秸秆 54.8 23.2 22.0 油菜杆 59.4 19.2 21.4 油菜籽壳 55.9 20.0 24.1 水稻秸秆 52.3 32.8 14.9 黑麦秸秆 49.9 29.6 20.5 小黑麦秸秆 47.9 31.5 20.6 小麦秸杆 44.5 33.2 22.3 玉米秸秆 49.0 37.9 13.1 棉花秸秆 66.2 18.4 15.4 向日葵秸杆 71.6 12.3 16.1 烟草秸秆 44.6 30.2 25.2 注：干基、无灰，标准化为100%。 
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表 4 木糖转化糠醛的产率
Table 4. Yield of xylose converted to furfural
液态环境 催化剂 反应条件 产率/% 质量产率/(g·g-1) 参考文献 水/GVL(1:9) PSTA-POM 170℃，10 min 80.4 0.515 [23] 水/GVL(1:19) Bronsted acid 170℃，30 min 78.5 0.502 [24] [BMIM]Cl AlCl3 160℃，1.5 min 82.2 0.526 [25] 水/GVL(1:4) SAPO-18 (B/L=0.11) 205℃，40 min 95.1 0.609 [26] MIBK，pH=1.25 H+ 170℃，100 min 65.0 0.416 [27] 四氢呋喃(THF) HCl 160℃，60 min 87.0 0.557 [28] 水/甲苯(1:2) 硅铝磷酸盐(SAPO-44) 170℃，8 h 93.0 0.595 [29] 水/THF=(1:2) 0.48 mol/L HCl 164℃ 90.0 0.576 [30] 水/DCM(水/二氯甲烷)(1:2) 固体酸催化剂SCC 170℃，60 min 81.4 0.521 [31]
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表 6 葡萄糖转化5-HMF的产率
Table 6. Yield of glucose converted to 5-HMF
液态环境 催化剂 反应条件 产率/% 质量产率/(g·g-1) 参考文献 水-diglyme(1:3) ZrP 180℃，2 h 61.0 0.427 [34] 水-diglyme(1:3) ZrP 180℃，3 h 63.0 0.441 [34] Lewis+Bronsted m-ZrP 155℃，6 h 46.1 0.323 [35] [EMIM]Cl CrCl3 100℃，3 h 68.0 0.476 [36] [EMIM]Br Al2O3-b-0.05 140℃，3 h 49.7 0.348 [37] DMSO SnPCP@MnO2-PDA 150℃，5 h 55.8 0.391 [38]
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表 7 葡萄糖转化LA的产率
Table 7. Yield of glucose converted to levulinic acid
液态环境 催化剂 反应条件 产率/% 质量产率/(g·g-1) 参考文献 水/GVL(1:4) 0.3 mol/L H2SO4 160℃，90 min 64.1 0.413 [39] 40 g/L葡萄糖 磷钨酸银盐0.7 g/25 mL 200℃，2 h 81.6 0.526 [40] 水/GVL(1:4) SAPO-18 (B/L=0.17) 180℃，80 min 70.2 0.452 [26] 秸秆/水(1:15) S2O82-/ZrO2-SiO2-Sm2O3: 13.3% 200℃，10 min 70.0 0.451 [41] 玉米芯浓度25 g/L SnCl4 80 mmol/L 193℃，10 min 78.1 0.503 [42]
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表 9 蒸汽提取法热量消耗
Table 9. Heat consumption by steam extraction method
单元名称 单元说明 使用模块 热量消耗/(kJ·kg-1) STEAM-1 蒸汽生产单元1 FURNACE 16 796.20 FF-PRO 糠醛生产单元 RStoic -1 009.50 CON1 糠醛浓缩单元 Sep 15 490.80 STEAM-2 蒸汽生产单元2 FURNACE 19 314.20 LA-PRO LA生产单元 RStoic -1 237.87 NEU CaO中和单元 Sep 984.00 CON2 LA浓缩单元 Sep 17 331.40 注：热量消耗为在此工艺条件下每千克玉米秸秆所消耗的热量。
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表 10 预处理-催化转化法热量消耗
Table 10. Heat consumption by pretreatment-catalytic conversion method
单元名称 单元说明 使用模块 热量消耗/(kJ·kg-1) HCL-PRE 稀盐酸预处理 RStoic 1 473.57 MEMB 木糖浓缩单元 Sep 91.89 FF-PRO 糠醛生成单元 RStoic 695.69 DIST1 糠醛浓缩单元 Sep 701.72 GLU-PRO&LA-PRO LA生产单元 RStoic 1 463.75 DIST2 LA浓缩单元 Sep 4 402.86 注：热量消耗为在此工艺条件下每千克玉米秸秆所消耗的热量。
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表 11 两级预处理转化方法热量消耗
Table 11. Heat consumption by two-stage pretreatment conversion method
单元名称 单元说明 使用模块 热量消耗/(kJ·kg-1) LOW-T&FF-PRO 低温反应单元 RStoic 639.13 HIGH-T&LA-PRO 高温反应单元 RStoic 688.32 CO2 超临界CO2萃取 Sep 0 SEP2 蒸馏提取单元 Sep 1 255.86 注：热量消耗为在此工艺条件下每千克玉米秸秆所消耗的热量。
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表 12 预处理后制备糠醛和5-HMF的热消耗
Table 12. Heat consumption for production of furfural and 5-HMF after pretreatment
单元名称 单元说明 使用模块 热量消耗/(kJ·kg-1) HCl-PRE 稀盐酸预处理 RStoic 1 463.66 MEMB1 木糖浓缩单元 Sep 91.88 FF-PRO 糠醛生成单元 RStoic 695.69 DIST1 糠醛浓缩单元 Sep 701.72 GLU-PRO 石灰处理单元 RStoic 178.74 MEMB2 葡萄糖浓缩单元 Sep 105.26 HMF-PRO 5-HMF生成单元 RStoic 1 075.67 DIST2 5-HMF浓缩单元 Sep 900.25 注：热量消耗为在此工艺条件下每千克玉米秸秆所消耗的热量。
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