Design and experiment of cryogenic loop heat pipe of two-dimensional pointing at liquid nitrogen zone
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摘要:
空间二维指向机构与红外探测器配合，有利于实现对空间目标大范围的动态追踪、指向、快速定位等功能。将深冷环路热管（CLHP）与二维指向机构耦合，可以大大降低系统机构的复杂程度，实现远距离热传输，提高探测精度和转向灵活性。为此，设计研制了液氮温区二维指向CLHP。对设计流程和部件参数进行了介绍，通过伺服电机驱动实现了俯仰、偏航±90°以上的转动。通过开展热真空实验，研究了不同工作参数对超临界启动和传热极限的影响。结果表明：所设计的系统具有最大13 W的传热能力，适当提高充装压力有利于提高系统的稳定性和传热能力，增大次蒸发器辅助载荷有助于提高最大传热能力。
Abstract:The cooperation of the two-dimensional pointing mechanism and the infrared detector is conducive to the realization of large-scale dynamic tracking, pointing, and rapid positioning of space targets. Coupling the cryogenic loop heat pipe (CLHP) with the two-dimensional pointing mechanism can greatly reduce system complexity, while achieving long-distance heat transmission, and improving detection accuracy and steering flexibility. A two-dimensional pointing CLHP working at the liquid nitrogen zone is designed and developed. The component parameters are introduced, and a pitch and yaw rotation of more than ±90° through the servo motor drive is realized. The thermal vacuum experiment was carried out, examining the effects of different working parameters on the supercritical start and heat transfer limit. The results show that the system designed has a maximum heat transfer capacity of 13 W. Appropriately increasing the filling pressure can help improve the stability and heat transfer capacity of the system, and increasing the auxiliary load of the secondary evaporator can increase the maximum heat transfer ability.
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图 1 80~100 K温区工质的Dunbar因数变化曲线
Figure 1. Variation curves of Dunbar factor of different working fluids at 80−100 K
图 2 80~100 K温区工质的$ {\text{d}}P/{\text{d}}T $变化曲线
Figure 2. Variation curves of dP/dT of different working fluids at 80−100 K
图 4 二维指向机构U型臂结构示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of two-dimensional pointing mechanism U-shaped structure
图 5 实验系统与二维指向CLHP实验件
Figure 5. Experimental system and two-dimensional pointing CLHP test unit
图 6 环路热管工质充装系统示意图
Figure 6. Schematic of working fluid filling system for loop heat pipe
图 7 CLHP热电偶分布与压力表位置示意图
Figure 7. Schematic of thermocouple distribution and pressure gauge location on CLHP
图 8 CLHP冷端降温过程（Qse=2 W，Pch=3.57 MPa）
Figure 8. Cold end cooling process of CLHP (Qse=2 W， Pch=3.57 MPa)
图 11 CLHP主回路启动过程（Pch=3.57 MPa）
Figure 11. Main loop startup process of CLHP (Pch=3.57 MPa)
图 12 CLHP超临界启动过程（Pch=3.29 MPa）
Figure 12. Supercritical startup of CLHP (Pch=3.29 MPa)
图 13 CLHP超临界启动过程（Pch=3.10 MPa）
Figure 13. Supercritical startup of CLHP (Pch=3.10 MPa)
图 14 CLHP主蒸发器传热极限（Qse=10 W，Pch=3.57 MPa）
Figure 14. Heat transfer capacity of primary evaporator of CLHP (Qse=10 W, Pch=3.57 MPa)
图 15 充装压力对二维指向CLHP主蒸发器传热极限的影响（Qse=10 W）
Figure 15. Effect of filling pressure on heat transfer capacity of CLHP primary evaporator of two-dimensional pointing (Qse=10 W)
图 16 辅助载荷对二维指向CLHP传热极限的影响（Pch=3.57 MPa）
Figure 16. Effect of auxiliary heat load on heat transfer capacity of two-dimensional pointing CLHP (Pch=3.57 MPa)
表 1 传输管线结构参数
Table 1. Structure parameters of transport line
部件 长度/
mm外径/mm 壁厚/mm 俯仰螺旋
直径/mm俯仰螺
旋匝数偏航螺旋
直径/mm俯仰螺
旋匝数主气体
管线10000 3 0.5 250 6 350 4 主液体
管线10000 3 0.5 250 6 350 4 次液体
管线10000 3 0.5 250 6 350 4 
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表 2 蒸发器与储液器结构参数
Table 2. Structure parameters of evaporator and compensation chamber
部件 参数 数值 主蒸发器 壳体长度×外径×厚度/
(mm×mm×mm)110×13×1 毛细芯外径×长度/
(mm×mm)11×100 主储液器 容积/mL 5 轴向槽道 槽深×槽宽×长度/
(mm×mm×mm)0.8×0.8×80 数量/个 4 次蒸发器 壳体长度×外径×厚度/
(mm×mm×mm)100×13×1 毛细芯外径×长度/
(mm×mm)11×90 次储液器 容积/mL 5 轴向槽道 槽深×槽宽×长度/
(mm×mm×mm)0.8×0.8×80 数量/个 4
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表 3 储气室容积与工质充装范围
Table 3. Gas reservoir volume and working fluid filling range
储气室容积/mL 充装质量/g 300 K时充装压力/MPa 1200 45~65 2.8~3.6
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表 4 不同充装压力下CLHP启动完成时主蒸发器温度及系统压力
Table 4. Primary evaporator temperature and system pressure under different filling pressures after startup
状态 温度/K 压力/MPa 临界状态 126 3.36 冷端温度及饱和压力 85 0.228 充装压力3.10 MPa 93.1 0.279 充装压力3.29 MPa 91.9 0.499 充装压力3.57 MPa 99.4 0.567
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