超低轨道热层大气密度原位探测

李永平; 朱光武; 郑晓亮; 艾讲赵; 闫亚飞; 周建华

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2021.0618

超低轨道热层大气密度原位探测

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2021.0618

李永平^{1, 2, ,},
朱光武¹,
郑晓亮¹,
艾讲赵¹,
闫亚飞³,
周建华⁴

1.
中国科学院国家空间科学中心天基空间环境探测北京市重点实验室, 北京 100190
2.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.
中国科学院文献情报中心, 北京 100190
4.
上海宇航系统工程研究所, 上海 201108

基金项目:

中国载人航天工程 Y59003AC40

国家子午工程 Y91GJC15ES

详细信息

通讯作者:
李永平, E-mail: lyp@nssc.ac.cn

中图分类号: V11:P365
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-20
- 录用日期: 2022-03-04
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-21
- 整期出版日期: 2022-10-20

In-situ measurement of atmospheric density in very low Earth orbits

1.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
4.
Aerospace System Engineering Shanghai, Shanghai 201108, China

Funds:

Manned Space Program of China Y59003AC40

Meridian Program of China Y91GJC15ES

More Information

Corresponding author: LI Yongping, E-mail: lyp@nssc.ac.cn

摘要

摘要:
超低轨道（VLEO）由于其轨道较低，在该轨道运行的航天器在对地观测、科学研究方面具有独特优势，但对该轨道的大气密度变化特性认知不足。在阐述国内外超低轨道大气密度原位探测发展历史及现状的基础上，总结了现有超低轨道大气密度原位探测技术，对中国超低轨道大气密度原位结果进行了初步分析和讨论。结果表明：在2020年10月空间环境平静期，250 km和350 km高度大气密度相差一个量级；升降轨期间，超低轨道大气密度每千米分别下降0.025×10^-12 kg/m³和0.041×10^-12 kg/m³，均小于模式值的0.5倍；北纬40°时，处于午夜的升轨段（约250 km）大气密度是处于正午的降轨段（约420 km）大气密度的11.2倍，高度的影响大于地方时的影响；不同纬度下，实测日均值和模式日均值的比值从高纬的0.49降为低纬的0.39，模式值偏大。在超低轨道上，实测值总体上比模式值小，可为大气物理研究和应用研究提供基础数据。
- 大气密度 /
- 超低轨道(VLEO) /
- 大气环境 /
- 原位探测 /
- 大气模式 /
- 数据分析
Abstract:
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) has unique advantages in Earth observation and scientific research due to their low orbital altitude; however, the knowledge of the atmospheric density variation in these orbits is insufficient. A preliminary analysis and discussion of the in-situ results of atmospheric density in VLEOs in China is carried out, based on the description of the history and current status of in-situ exploration of VLEO atmospheric density, and on the summary of the existing in-situ detection techniques of atmospheric density. The results show one order of magnitude difference in atmospheric density between 250 km and 350 km altitudes during the quiet period of the space environment in October 2020. During the orbit ascent and descent, the atmospheric density of VLEOs decreases by 0.025×10^-12 kg/m³ and 0.041×10^-12 kg/m³ per kilometer, respectively, each 0.5 times less than that of the NRLMSISE00 model. At 40°N, the atmospheric density in the ascending section at midnight (~250 km) is 11.2 times higher than that in the descending section at noon (~420 km), and the effect of altitude is greater than that at local time. At different latitudes, the daily mean ratio of the observed values to the model values decreases from 0.49 at high latitudes to 0.39 at low latitudes, with the NRLMSISE00 model values being larger. At the VLEO, the observed values are generally smaller than the NRLMSISE00 model values, which can provide basic data for atmospheric physical studies and applied research.
- atmospheric density /
- very low Earth orbit (VLEO) /
- atmospheric environment /
- in-situ detection /
- atmospheric model /
- data analysis

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图 1 AE-C卫星

Figure 1. AE-C satellite

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图 2 DE-2卫星

Figure 2. DE-2 satellite

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图 3 DANDE卫星

Figure 3. DANDE satellite

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图 4 QB50卫星^[15]

Figure 4. QB50 satellite^[15]

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图 5 SLATS卫星

Figure 5. SLATS satellite

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图 6 大气密度探测器原理示意

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of atmospheric density detector

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图 7 大气密度实测值、太阳活动指数和地磁活动指数随时间的演化

Figure 7. Changes of observed results of atmospheric density, solar radiation index and geomagnetic index

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图 8 大气密度实测值随高度的变化

Figure 8. Changes of observed value of atmospheric density with altitude

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图 9 相同纬度(北纬40°)下升轨和降轨期间大气密度实测值随高度的变化

Figure 9. Changes of observed atmospheric density with altitude during orbit ascent and descent at the same latitude (40°N)

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图 10 不同纬度下大气密度实测值与MSIS00模式值及比值随高度的变化

Figure 10. Changes of observed result, MSIS00 model, and ratio of observed to model values with altitude at different latitudes

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表 1 中国原位大气密度探测器的主要性能

Table 1. Performance of Chinese in-situ atmospheric density detector

参数	数值
传感器内气体压力范围/Pa	5×10^-8~1×10^-2
传感器内气体温度范围/℃	-20~60
最小可检测压力/Pa	1×10^-8
温度分辨率/℃	0.1
压力校准总不确定度/%	3
探测器质量/kg	1.5
探测器功耗/W	1.5

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表 2 MSIS00模式的输入和输出参数

Table 2. Input and output parameters of MSlS00 model

输入/输出参数	名称
输入参数	年、月、日(UTS), 高度, 地理纬度, 地理经度, 日出时间，81 d平均F_10.7, 前1天的F_10.7, 当日地磁活动指数A_p, 3 h前地磁活动指数A_p, 6 h前地磁活动指数A_p, 9 h前地磁活动指数A_p, 12~33 h前地磁活动指数A_p, 36~57 h前地磁活动指数A_p
输出参数	He数密度, O数密度, O₂数密度, N数密度, N₂数密度，A_r数密度, H数密度, 原子氧数密度, 总质量密度, 外逸层温度, 高层温度

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表 3 大气密度每千米下降值

Table 3. Decrease of atmospheric density per kilometer kg/m³

升/降轨	每千米下降实测值	每千米下降模式值
升轨	0.025×10^-12	0.065×10^-12
降轨	0.041×10^-12	0.087×10^-12

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