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摘要:
为研究锂离子电池热失控气体中主要有毒物质的危害程度，提出一种基于风险评估理论的锂离子电池热失控气体毒性风险分析方法。以点燃参数表征锂离子电池热失控发生概率，利用2种有效剂量分数(FED)方程与气体传感器阵列检测结果，建立锂离子电池热失控气体毒性动力学模型，进而表征气体毒性造成的后果，分析不同荷电状态(SOC)下三元锂离子电池热失控气体的毒性风险。结果表明：高SOC锂离子电池更易进入热失控状态，热失控释放的CO、HF及气体总量随SOC的增加而增加；锂离子电池SOC越高，热失控释放气体毒性风险越大，100% SOC锂离子电池毒性风险约为25% SOC锂离子电池的8倍，需要11倍的新鲜空气稀释才能达到安全浓度。研究结果可为锂离子电池热失控早期预警及气体毒性评价提供数据参考。
Abstract:A method to analyse the toxicity of thermal runaway gases of batteries, referring to the risk assessment theory was proposed. It aims to investigate the hazard ratings of the main harmful substances in the thermal runaway gas of lithium-ion batteries.By using the fractional effective dose (FED) equation and a gas sensor array, the results of the method used to characterize the likelihood of thermal runaway of lithium batteries occurred were discovered.The thermal runaway gas toxicity kinetic model of the battery was demonstrated in order to identify the consequences of gas toxicity, while the toxicity risk of thermal runaway gas in ternary lithium-ion batteries under different states of charge (SOC) was analyzed accordingly. The results retrieved show that high SOC batteries are more likely to enter the thermal runaway state, and the total amount of CO, HF and gas released by thermal runaway increases according to the SOC of batteries. As a result, the risk of thermal runaway increases with battery SOC.A fully (100%) charged battery has about 8 times the toxicity risk of a 25% charged battery and requires 11 times the fresh air dilution to reach a safe concentration.The results provided data reference for the early warning of lithium battery thermal runaway and the toxicity evaluation of pyrolysis gas.
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Key words:
- ternary lithium-ion battery /
- thermal runaway /
- gas sensor array /
- risk assessment /
- toxicity analysis
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图 2 不同SOC电池热失控全过程气体分析
Figure 2. Gas analysis of whole process of thermal runaway in different SOC batteries
图 3 电池热失控后实验舱内COx物质的量
Figure 3. Amount of COx products in experimental cabin after battery thermal runaway
图 4 不同SOC电池热失控气体FED模型
Figure 4. Thermal runaway gas FED modes by batteries at different SOC
表 1 实验电池参数
Table 1. Experimental battery parameters
参数 数值 高度/mm 65.1 直径/mm 18.5 额定容量/(mA·h) 3500 额定电压/V 3.635 两端电压/V 3.59±0.05（25% SOC） 3.72±0.05（50% SOC） 3.92±0.05（75% SOC） 4.16±0.05（100% SOC） 
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表 2 不同SOC电池关键参数
Table 2. Key parameters of batteries at different SOC
SOC Δt/s Tdrop/℃ Tvent/℃ TTR/℃ Tgmax/℃ Pmax/MPa P1/MPa dP/dtmax I 25% SOC 182±44 149.39±5.8 167.44±2.62 239.26±20.23 367.36±30.50 0.3158±0.127 0.1158±0.004 0.08248±0.062 2.86 50% SOC 140±10 144.47±2.88 162.29±3.23 224.26±6.25 396.86±23.46 0.2624±0.012 0.1267±0.003 0.08463±0.037 2.72 75% SOC 127±19 142.91±4.05 158.71±2.61 213.49±5.89 669.45±196.3 0.2653±0.059 0.1343±0.003 0.09264±0.033 2.66 100% SOC 105±19 133.78±1.30 148.14±3.50 193.86±4.33 868.36±334.4 0.3112±0.067 0.1378±0.003 0.10216±0.037 2.53
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表 3 不同SOC释放气体量
Table 3. Amountof vented gases at different SOC
SOC n0/mol nTR/mol Δn/mol ΔV/L 25% SOC 0.838 0.855 0.017 0.381 50% SOC 0.834 0.928 0.094 2.106 75% SOC 0.836 1.081 0.245 5.488 100% SOC 0.838 1.112 0.274 6.138
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表 4 不同SOC电池释放毒性气体体积分数
Table 4. Concentration of toxic gas released by batteries at different SOC
SOC VHF/10−6 VCO $V_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2} $ 25% SOC 2.85 0.0198 0.1793 50% SOC 4.74 0.0791 0.1922 75% SOC 4.33 0.0865 0.1832 100% SOC 6.29 0.1557 0.1680 注：CO的IDLH限值为0.012，CO2的IDLH限值为0.04，HF的IDLH限值为0.3。
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表 5 不同SOC电池热失控气体毒性风险率
Table 5. Risk rate of thermal runaway gas toxicity of different SOC batteries
SOC I LFED $t_{{{X}}_{\mathrm{FED}}=1} $/s V 25% SOC 2.86 1.85 29 0.022 50% SOC 2.72 3.85 20 0.071 75% SOC 2.66 4.15 19 0.082 100% SOC 2.53 5.97 14 0.169
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