机场航班时刻资源管理研究进展

王艳军; 水笑雨; 王梦尹

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2022.0425

机场航班时刻资源管理研究进展

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2022.0425

南京航空航天大学民航学院，南京 211106

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(U2033203)

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：ywang@nuaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: V355
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-28
- 录用日期: 2022-07-06
- 网络出版日期: 2022-07-19
- 整期出版日期: 2024-04-29

Research progress on airport slot allocation

College of Civil Aviation，Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，Nanjing 211106，China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2033203)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：ywang@nuaa.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
繁忙机场都会面临严重的交通拥堵和航班延误问题。解决该问题的一个有效手段是对机场航班时刻资源进行优化管理。全面介绍了航班时刻资源管理相关的研究进展，系统回顾了机场公布容量设置、机场航班时刻配置的主要方法和手段。从公布容量确定、单机场、机场网络层面和机场群航班时刻配置及航班时刻配置技术复杂性等方面，得出机场航班时刻资源优化配置的关键技术问题。展望了机场航班时刻资源管理的主要方向，并对下一步研究提出建议。
- 机场容量 /
- 时刻分配 /
- 容量需求管理 /
- 战略流量管理 /
- 资源优化
Abstract:
Most of the busiest airports airports face severe congestion and flight delays. Optimal allocating airport slots is one of the most effective ways in airport demand management. This paper systematically reviews the progress of research in airport slots allocation, as well as the main techniques in setting airport declared capacity and allocating slots. The major challenging issues of stochastic optimization were identified in such areas as the determination of airport declared capacity, the slot allocation in an airport, in an airport network and in the multi-airport system, and the technical complexity. Main research directions in slot allocation are further discussed and suggested.
- airport capacity /
- slot allocation /
- demand and capacity management /
- strategic air traffic flow management /
- stochastic optimization

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图 1 航班时刻配置基本流程

Figure 1. Basic process of slot allocation

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图 2 机场容量与航班延误

Figure 2. Airport capacity and flight delay

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图 3 机场容量包络线^[24]

Figure 3. Aiprort capacity coverage curve^[24]

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表 1 航空公司申请机场航班时刻系列

Table 1. An example of series of slot request

航班号	机型	运营日	起飞机场1	起飞时刻1	落地时刻1	目的地机场	开始日期	结束日期
AL123	320	周二、周四、周六	机场1	08:00	10:50	机场2	2020-12-01	2021-02-06
BL223	320	周一至周日	机场1	07:10	09:45	机场3	2020-10-25	2021-03-27
CL001	320	周一、周三、周五、周日	机场1	14:00	19:30	机场4	2020-10-26	2020-11-29

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表 2 几种典型的机场容量定义及评估方法

Table 2. Widely used airport capacity and its measuring methods

容量类型	定义	容量的时间尺度	是否考虑航班延误	主要评估方法	应用场景
理论容量	在给定机场构型、运行规则和机队组成情况下，机场在单位时间内能够提供的服务架次	a, h	否	类似历史数据/电子表格/排队论模型/仿真	战略规划
最大/饱和容量	在持续交通服务请求下，每单位时间内能够实现的预期飞行架次	h, 15min	是	排队论模型/仿真	战术运行及运行后分析
实际容量	考虑随机达到航班的排队特征，机场实际运行的容量，通常比最大容量低10%～20%	h, 15 min	是	仿真	预战术/战术
持续容量	在连续几个小时内可以实现的小时容量。最大容量的运行通常不能超过1～2 h	h	否	仿真	预战术/战术
结构容量	在宏观阶段用于确定机场容量的基线，在长期预测中故意不考虑一些不可靠或可变因素。通常在2～5 a前评估结构容量	a, 季节	否	历史数据/查询表/电子表格/仿真/容量包络线	早期的空中交通流量容量管理
计划容量	原则上在IATA航季开始之前，或至少在实际运行前18个月计算的机场容量	d, h, 15 min	否	查表/电子表格/仿真/容量包络线	用于网络战略阶段和初始时刻分配
运行容量	在运行前一天评估的机场容量，目的是结合最新的运行信息更新机场容量	h, 15 min	否	仿真	网络预战术和战术阶段
公布容量	时刻协调机场在单位时间（通常为1 h或15 min）能够分配给航空承运人的时刻数量	h, 15 min	否	结合运行容量之后综合分析	时刻配置

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表 3 机场航班时刻配置相关研究文献

Table 3. Research literature on airport slot allocation

文献	优化目标	约束条件	时刻配置尺度	求解算法/规划模型
文献[3]	①长系列偏移的最小化；②全季节系列偏移的最小化；③最大限度地减少长途航班的偏移；④最小化国际航班偏移；⑤最小化本地飞机时隙请求偏移；⑥最大偏移最小；⑦偏移时隙数量最小座椅偏移最小；⑧最小化协调机场航班偏移	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	启发式算法、基于$\varepsilon $约束的方法、多准则决策分析、TOPSIS法、PSAM
文献[4]	①总偏移最小化；②最大偏移最小化；③绝对公平的最大偏离（MDA）最小化	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	TOSAM 启发式算法
文献[28]	总偏移最小	①以时段和天为单位的机场容量约束；②航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	线性松弛算法
文献[31]	运行效率、时刻分配效率、时刻资源利用、环境影响、公平性	①机场公布容量约束；②现有航班时刻分配框架下的优先级（如，历史航班时刻持有量）；③航空公司和机场的运行要求（例如，周转时间、地面等待、航班连接性）；④ATFM空中交通流量管理约束（如，空域扇区的容量）；⑤其他用于时刻请求调度的标准。	单机场，整个航季机场网络，多天/整个航季	公布容量建模与战略航班时刻调度模型
文献[32]	①总偏移最小化；②最大航班偏移量最小化	①时刻的唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	整数线性规划模型——SAM-II
文献[43]	①总偏移最小化；②总偏移平方的最小化	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	大邻域搜索技术（LNS）；目标可行泵算法(FP)
文献[44]	①总偏移最小化；②最大偏移最小；③偏移时隙数量最小	①时刻的唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	2阶段mat启发式算法
文献[45]	①总偏移最小化；②最大偏移量最小	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班飞行时间约束；④航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	大规模邻域搜索/建设性启发式算法和改进启发式算法
文献[46]	①准时性能最大化；②单个航班最大偏移量最小化/时刻表偏移的加权总和最小化③航空公司间的公平性最大化	①时刻唯一性约束；②航班计划轮挡时间；③航班最大偏移量约束；④航班周转时间约束；⑤15 min航班进场和离场容量约束	单机场，一天	结合随机排队模型和容量综合利用动态规划模型的机场拥堵模型
文献[47]	①航空公司间公平的最大化；②总偏移最小化	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束；④航空公司公平性约束	单机场，整个航季	混合整数规划模型、$\varepsilon $约束法
文献[48]	①总偏移最小化；②最小化与绝对公平的最大偏差；③最小化与平均公平性 (MMR) 的最大偏差；④最小化基尼指数；	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班飞行时间约束；④航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	混合整数规划模型、$\varepsilon $约束方法
文献[49]	总偏移最小	①机场容量限制；②空域扇区容量限制	机场网络，一天	迭代局部搜索算法
文献[50]	总偏移和运行延误加权总和的最小	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班飞行时间约束；④航班周转时间约束	机场网络，整个航季	随机规划，并行算法
文献[51]	①空域用户的总成本最小；②偏移时隙数量最小	①时刻的唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班对前后航班一致约束；④请求对的最小、最大间隔时间约束；⑤航班周转时间约束	机场网络, 多天	整数线性规划模型——SOSTA
文献[51]	①总偏移最小化；②最大偏移最小；③被拒绝的时刻总数最小；④被偏置的时刻总数最小	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班飞行时间约束；④航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	启发式算法/基于优先级的多目标舱位分配模型(PSAM)
文献[52]	①总偏移最小化；②绝对公平的最大偏离（MDA）最小化；③偏离航司偏好偏移的偏移量最小化	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	混合整数规划模型、$\varepsilon $约束方法
文献[53]	总偏移最小化	①时刻唯一性约束；②机场容量约束；③航班周转时间约束	单机场，整个航季	分支切断方法、整数规划模型

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