增程式飞机发展现状与展望

冯诗愚; 付子祺; 刘冠男; 台环宇; 耿雷铭; 缪日成

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363

增程式飞机发展现状与展望

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363

1.
南京航空航天大学航空学院，南京 210016
2.
西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院，西安 710049
3.
中航通飞华南飞机工业有限公司，珠海 519000

基金项目:

南京航空航天大学2024年研究生科研与实践创新计划(xcxjh20240112)

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：shiyuf@nuaa.edu.cn

中图分类号: V272
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- HTML全文浏览量: 114
- PDF下载量: 12
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-06-14
- 录用日期: 2025-07-17
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-23
- 整期出版日期: 2026-10-01

Developing status and prospect of range-extended aircraft

1.
College of Aerospace Engineering，Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，Nanjing 210016，China
2.
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology，Xi’an Jiaotong University，Xi’an 710049，China
3.
AVIC General Huanan Aircraft Industry Co.，Ltd.，Zhuhai 519000，China

Funds:

2024 Graduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (xcxjh20240112)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：shiyuf@nuaa.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
全电飞机受限于锂电池能量密度难以满足长航程需求，而增程式飞机通过“电主油辅”架构平衡了环保性与续航里程，成为航空低碳化的重要过渡方案。基于此，聚焦增程式技术路径，系统性对比分析5种典型混合动力架构，明确了增程式定义与工作原理；梳理了国内外代表性增程式机型的技术路线；深入探讨了支撑其发展的高功率密度永磁电机、智能能量管理系统、高效热管理系统及高压局部放电监测与防护技术的进展与挑战。明晰了增程式技术的当前格局与核心壁垒，为全电飞机长航程适应性技术迭代提供了重要依据，并可为航空产业低碳转型战略制定提供参考。
- 增程式飞机 /
- 混合动力飞机 /
- 全电飞机 /
- 永磁电机 /
- 能量管理系统 /
- 热管理 /
- 局部放电
Abstract:
All-electric aircraft face limitations in achieving long range due to the energy density constraints of current lithium batteries. Range-extended aircraft, employing an "electric-dominant, fuel-supplement" powertrain architecture, offer a balance between environmental benefits and extended range, positioning them as a crucial transitional solution for aviation decarbonization. This review focuses on the range-extended technology pathway. It provides an overview of the technological roadmaps adopted by representative range-extended aircraft models both domestically and internationally; it compares and analyzes five typical hybrid powertrain architectures, elucidating the definition and operational principles of the range-extended concept. It explores the advances and challenges of key enabling technologies that are driving its development, including high-power-density permanent magnet motors, intelligent energy management systems, efficient thermal management systems, and high-voltage partial discharge monitoring and protection technologies. This review clarifies the current landscape and core barriers of range-extended technology. It provides essential insights to inform the technological evolution towards long-range adaptability for all-electric aircraft and serves as a valuable reference for formulating strategies aimed at the low-carbon transition of the aviation industry.
- range-extended aircraft /
- hybrid power aircraft /
- all-electric aircraft /
- permanent magnet motor /
- energy management system /
- thermal management /
- partial discharge

HTML全文

图 1 混合动力飞机动力架构示意图^[4]

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the power architecture of a hybrid power aircraft^[4]

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图 2 E-Fan X动力架构示意图^[12]

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the power architecture of the E-Fan X^[12]

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图 3 国内外增程式飞机机型^[12,19-26]

Figure 3. Domestic and foreign extended-range aircraft^[12,19-26]

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图 4 Emrax 348电机尺寸及实物图（单位：mm）^[51]

Figure 4. Emrax 348 motor size and physical drawing (Unit: mm)^[51]

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图 5 增程式飞机电力系统架构

Figure 5. Extended-range aircraft electric power system architecture

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图 6 XLPE电缆35 kV条件下失效实例^[77]

Figure 6. XLPE cable failure example under 35 kV condition^[77]

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表 1 混合动力架构优缺点总结

Table 1. Summary of the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid power architectures

动力架构类型	优点	缺点
串联动力架构	内燃机高效；氢燃料支持；控制简单	能量损耗大；设备增重
并联动力架构	快速供能；独立工作可靠	控制逻辑复杂；策略设计难
混联动力架构	适应任务；动态调配能量	质量大幅上升；切换难控；优化复杂
涡电动力架构	结构简单轻；直接转换效率高	需缓冲装置；排放不减；低负载效率低
部分涡电动力架构	优化能量分配	系统复杂；控制难；排放不减；推力不均衡

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表 2 国内外典型增程式飞机关键特性对比^[12,19-26]

Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics of typical extended-range aircraft at home and abroad^[12,19-26]

机型	类型	座位数	关键动力参数	航程性能	项目状态
E-Fan X	支线验证机	100	发电机：2.5 MW，电机：2 MW		项目终止（2020年）
Zunum Aero ZA10	支线客机	12	增程器：500 kW，电机：2×500 kW	增程后：1126 km	地面试飞（2019年）
Electra Aero EL-9	eSTOL	9	电机：8×150 kW	纯电：611 km，增程后：2037 km	已获订单，计划首飞（2027年）
Nexus 6HX	eVTOL	5	增程器：600 kW，电机：6×100 kW	增程后：240 km	项目终止（2020年）
锐翔 RX1E-A	轻型飞机	2	增程器：30 kW，电机：30 kW	增程后：300 km+	已交付（2025年）
DA36 E-Star	滑翔机改装	2	发电机：30 kW，电机：70 kW	增程后：900 km（第二代）	第二代完成首飞 (2013年)
eDA40	轻型飞机	4	发电机：110 kW，电机：2×80 kW	增程后：1333 km	验证飞行 (2018年)
Panthera hybrid	轻型飞机	4	发电机：100 kW，电机：145 kW	增程后：1200 km	已试飞验证 (2021年)
e-Genius	验证机	2	电机：80 kW	纯电：400 km，增程后：1280 km	已完成载人飞行测试 (2021年)

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表 3 电机各项性能对比^[41]

Table 3. Comparison of various performance of the motor^[41]

电机	功率密度	效率	功率因数	扭矩脉动	鲁棒性	高速性能	热管理	可操控性	经济性	应用场景
高温超导电机	+	+ +	+	0	- -	-	- -	+	- -	推进器、发电机
永磁同步电机	+	+ +	+	0	0	0	0	+	0	推进器、发电机
绕线同步电机	0	-	+	0	-	-	-	+ +	-	推进器、发电机、启动器
开关磁阻电机	0	+	-	-	+ +	+ +	+	+	+ +	发电机、启动器
感应电机	-	-	-	0	+	+	0	+	+ +	启动器
注：“+”表示优势； “0”表示中等； “-”表示劣势。

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