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2013 Vol. 39, No. 6

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Revolution of flow structures around model wing of dragonflies in hovering flight
Lai Guojun, Shen Gongxin
2013, (6): 711-716.
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To study the three dimensional flow structures around a single flapping wing of dragonflies in hovering flight for future experimental comparison with flow structures around a fore- or hind wing of dragonflies, an electromechanical flapping mechanism mounted with a model wing was used to simulate the flapping motion of a dragon wing in this experiment. Three dimensional instant flow fields around the flapping wing were measured respectively at two downstroke phases (t=0.25T,0.375T) and two upstroke phased (t=0.75T,0.875T) with the digital stereo particle image velocimetry (DSPIV) and the multi-slice phase-locked technique. Three dimensional vortex structures were visualized with the local vortex identification scheme. It also was presented that the contour lines of z component of vorticity in each spanwise measuring plane, the vortex core position of the leading edge vortex (LEV) with respect to the upper wing surface and LEV sectional circulation at each spanwise measuring position. The results show that the revolution of the three-dimensional flow structures around the dragonfly wing during its stroking.
New anti-aliasing straight line drawing algorithm based on unweighted area sampling
Mao Xia, Liu Yunlong, Xue Yuli
2013, (6): 717-722.
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Line is a basic element of graphics. Its drawing algorithm is always one of the basic content of computer graphics research. In order to solve the aliasing phenomenon generated when drawing a non-vertical and non-horizontal straight line on a raster graphics monitor, based on Bresenham algorithm and the thought of the traditional unweighted area sampling algorithm, a new anti-aliasing straight line drawing algorithm was put forward. Compared to the traditional algorithm and the well-known Wu algorithm, the new algorithm principally used integer addition and subtraction to draw anti-aliasing straight lines. The calculation of the new algorithm was simple and the new algorithm could be easily implemented in FPGA hardware platform. Experimental results show that the simulation speed obtained by the new algorithm when drawing lines is nearly three times as fast as that obtained by the traditional algorithm and is almost equivalent to that obtained by Wu algorithm. Although the straight line generated by Wu algorithm has good smooth effect, along the straight line direction adjacent pixels- grey values sometimes have large difference. However, the new algorithm not only has good smooth effect, but also can find a good solution to solve the problem Wu algorithm has. Therefore, compared with Wu algorithm, the new algorithm-s anti-aliasing effect is much better.
Improving the output smoothing of the electric loading system based on the CMAC+PD compound control strategy
Yang Bo, Cheng Long
2013, (6): 723-727.
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Cerebellar model articulation controller and proportional derivative (CMAC+PD) compound control strategy had an unsmooth output, which would increase the vibration of loading motor and decrease the control performance. An improved CMAC+PD compound control strategy with a new weights updating formula was proposed after analyzing the reason of the unsmooth problem. The improved CMAC+PD compound control strategy could not only decrease the error, but also improve the output smoothness in the weights updating process. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the improved CMAC+PD compound control strategy has a more smooth output and a better stability performance than the conventional CMAC+PD compound control strategy. And the steady state error is reduced by 21%.
Design and delay analysis of time-triggered AFDX network
Liu Cheng, Wang Tong, Li Zheng, Xiong Huagang
2013, (6): 728-733.
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Time-triggered mechanism can enhance the determinacy of avionics full duplex switched ethernet(AFDX), and guarantee the temporal determinacy of time-critical message. Time-triggered AFDX (TTAFDX) was proposed, which is the combination of AFDX and time-triggered mechanism. The architecture of TTAFDX was designed, which includes protocol stack, virtual link, scheduling of end system, scheduling of switch, transparent communication and degradation communication. Delay analysis of TTAFDX was done in both theory and computer simulation, and the result shows that TTAFDX can be a totally deterministic network for time-critical message.
Consistency identification method of failure mechanism based on grey theory
Yao Jun, Wang Huan, Su Quan
2013, (6): 734-738,744.
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A study was made on the consistency identification method of failure mechanism. Three common methods based on the acceleration model parameters unchanged, based on the statistical methods and based on the experimental observation were studied. It was found that the three methods need the accelerated test data for the consistency identification method of failure mechanism, but this could not provide theoretical guidance for the accelerated test. A consistency identification method of failure mechanism based on grey theory was put forward, which can be used for failure mechanism consistency identification by the pre-test data. Combined with the pre-test data of a certain type of photoelectric encoder, the conclusion was drawn that 175℃° was the change point of the failure mechanism using this method. It made a contrast with the method based on statistical. Finally, the failure mechanism analysis for the products was used to verify the correctness of the method.
SINS/CNS integrated navigation algorithms based on dual quaternion
Qian Huaming, Sun Long, Huang Wei, Liu Xuan
2013, (6): 739-744.
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In order to improve the navigation precision of strapdown inertial navigation systems/celestial navigation systems (SINS/CNS) integrated navigation system in high dynamic conditions, a SINS/CNS integrated navigation algorithm which based on the additive dual quaternion was proposed. The rotation and translation of carrier were unified by this algorithm, and the rotation vector was used to update dual quaternion and compensate coning error and sculling error at the same time. And derived error model based on the additive dual quaternion and error equations of navigation parameters. Then the constant errors of gyro and accelerometer were extended to be state variables, at the same time random error was used as the system input noise, and gyro drift was corrected by output parameters of star sensors. Finally, Kalman filter was used to estimate the state variables. The simulation results showed that the navigation precision of SINS/CNS integrated navigation algorithm based on the additive dual quaternion is increased by two times more than traditional algorithm in high dynamic conditions.
Radar scattering characteristics and RCS reduction of utility helicopter
Bao Xiaoxiang, Zhang Yunfei, Du Xiaosong
2013, (6): 745-750.
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The physical optics (PO) and the method of equivalent currents (MEC) were used as the numerical computation method, and its feasibility was verified by experiment. A geometric model of conventional utility helicopter was established. Then its radar cross section(RCS)was calculated and analyzed. RCS reduction research was done by modifying the geometric shape and changing the number of rotating blades. The low observable shape of utility helicopter was put forward without large variation in static stability and available volume. The average RCS of the modified utility helicopter in forward (backward) and side direction is equivalent to 10%, 1% of the conventional one respectively. Rotating blades become the main radar scattering source of the modified helicopter, especially in the forward and backward direction. Some other methods are need to reduce the RCS further.
Optimal method of transport aircraft fleet cargo loading
Liu Ningjun, Wang Lixin, Pan Wenjun
2013, (6): 751-755.
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An algorithm that can automatically generate cargo loading plans for the transport aircraft fleet would greatly increase the efficiency of airlift operations. A new method of loading transport aircrafts was proposed by combining traditional 2D bin-packing algorithms with "pyramid loading" commonly used in manual loading processes, through which it can be achieved to both arrange the position and adjust the center of gravity of cargo pieces, and thus generate loading plans for the transport fleet from different load sequences. Consequently, an optimized airlift plan can be obtained by analyzing different loading plans targeting specific goals. Calculations show that this new method can replace manual cargo load planning methods commonly used presently, and is of practical value for improving the efficiency of medium-to-large airlift operations.
Method to realize path integration based on multi-scale grid cells
Tai Nengjian, Wu Dewei, Qi Junyi, Zhou Yang
2013, (6): 756-760.
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In order to autonomously reckon location and azimuth for unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV)’s cognitive navigation, a kind of path integration based on multi-scale grid cells was proposed. According to the characteristics of neighboring cells in dorsal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC) sharing common firing traits, while the firing traits of the grid increases isometrically along the dorsoventral axis, a bionic grid groups with incremental scales was constructed firstly, and then synaptic pattern was introduced in each grid layer to evaluate cell weights, therefore, the location and azimuth in each grid layer were calculated by changeable cell activities, and path integration was ultimately achieved in each grid layer. Space location precision was further improved by using integration results of small scales to adjust the grid layer of bigger scale. Simulation results prove that the method can exactly reckon location and azimuth within certain velocity error and azimuth error. It has a higher space location reckoning by adjusting bigger-scale grid layer. And the azimuth error has an indentation distribution accompanying the moving direction changing.
Ergonomic design and analysis of character coding on display interface
Zhou Yingwei, Zhuang Damin, Wu Xu, Wanyan Xiaoru
2013, (6): 761-765.
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Aiming at the problems of character design on the human-machine interface, lots of static simulation experiments were taken based on a closed simulated cockpit. 32 subjects were participated in the experiments. Reaction time and correct rate were used as ergonomic evaluation indexes. The identification performances of Chinese, English, numbers, and symbols which were shown on the display interface under different illumination levels, color matching and character heights were obtained. Result indicates that the identification performances of the Chinese/English, numbers and normal symbols significantly different. Illumination between 0 to 600 lx has little effects on the character identification performances. Color matching has significantly effects on the characters identification performances. The identification performances of yellow/white and green/cyan are worse and should not be used in character coding design. On the basis of conclusions and deep analysis of the experiment date, a mathematical model of character coding design on the display interface is established, which will provide a reference for coding design of aircraft cockpit human-machine interface.
Simulation model validation based on OMLHD method
Dong Dezhi, Wang Jiangyun, Zhang Ping
2013, (6): 766-770.
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When simulation factors are numerous while real-world observed data are sparse, the issue of validating the simulation models is problematic. An extreme case was focused that limited real-world observations were available cross the factor space, and only a single replicate was obtained on per simulation factor setting. A method based on orthogonal-maximin Latin hypercube designs (OMLHD) was proposed by which the validation experiments could be well arranged across the factor space through optimal design. The p-value test and the inverse cumulative distribution function(CDF) theorem were introduced to evaluate the statistical consistency of the simulation/observation data, and combine the analysis results to make an overall validation study on the entire factor space. An example of validation of a guided missile simulation was taken, which demonstrates that the method is useful.
Unbalanced magnetic pull due to the magnetizing in super high speed permanent magnet synchronous machine
Li Yanming, Guo Hong, Xie Qingming, Qian Hao
2013, (6): 771-775.
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The unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) due to the magnetizing angle deviation has a great impact on the safety and stability of the super high speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) used in the microturbine generation system. Utilizing the numerical finite element method (FEM), the UMP due to the magnetizing angle deviation with and without the rotor eccentricity was analyzed respectively. Using the calculation results as loads, the natural frequencies and the vibration characteristics of the rotor supported by foil air bearing were obtained. The results show that the resonance frequency is near 740 Hz, and the resonance amplitude increases with the increase of the magnetizing angle deviation. To ensure the safety and reliability of the rotor system, the magnetizing angle deviation of the permanent magnet should be limited to less than 5 degrees.
Investigation of runback ice during aircraft anti-icing process
Wang Chao, Chang Shinan, Yang Bo, Li Mingzhong
2013, (6): 776-781.
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The calculation was performed on runback ice and its effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil. A multi-step ice accretion code was developed based on the classical Messinger icing model and it was used to predict the ice shapes in different conditions. Good agreement between the calculation results and the experimental data indicates the heat-mass coupled arithmetic is correct. Base on the arithmetic, the growth of the runback ice and the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil were calculated. The results indicate that the runback ice is likely to form outside the thermal protection area and begins to grow near the position of the thermal protection limit in non-rime ice conditions. However, in rime ice conditions, the runback ice is more likely to form at the lower surface of the airfoil and there is significant ice accretion in the thermal protection area and because of this the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil is destroyed greatly.
Reader anti-collision algorithm based on random slot for RFID systems
Zhang Guangshan, Zhang Shuo, Zhang Youguang
2013, (6): 782-786.
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A reader anti-collision algorithm based on random slot with a central computer coordination for radio frequency identification(RFID) systems was proposed. Firstly, the central computer sent the initial command and solt command, and the reader selected random slot based on utilization. If the reader which selected current slot didn-t receive busy signal of other readers, it sent beacon and listened. Then if the reader didn-t receive the beacon of other neighbour readers, it started to query tags. At the end of the slot, the reader which didn-t receive busy signal can sent second beacon. Compared to the existing distributed algorithm, the proposed algorithm had bettter throughput and fairness.
Identification method of failure mechanism consistency for accelerated testing based on grey forecasting
Pan Xiaoxi, Kang Rui
2013, (6): 787-791,797.
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Consistency of failure mechanism identification is one of the preconditions of correctness of accelerated testing design. The existing identification methods of failure mechanism consistency are based on data from accelerated testing which can not guide the design of accelerated testing. Therefore, the method based on data from enhancement testing is needed. The method proposed was based on grey prediction for lack of data from enhancement testing in engineering. The new identification method and flow of failure mechanism was also given. According to the combination of GM(1,1) and equal dimension model, the change point of trend of data from enhancement testing was found, as well as the level of consistency of failure mechanism before the accelerated testing. Finally, the feasibility of the method was validated by a practical example on accelerometer.
Path planning of a climbing robot using mixed integer linear programming
Yue Ronggang, Wang Shaoping
2013, (6): 792-797.
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To study path planning problem in 3D building environments for a climbing robot which is named as City-Climber, a path planning method using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) was developed. In order to use MILP to solve obstacle avoidance problems, the robot dynamic model was simplified and decoupled into linear system by introducing a restricting admissible control. The decoupled model can be rewritten as a linear program with mixed integer linear constraints that account for the collision avoidance. Moreover, a new cost function that is suitable for wall-climbing robot was proposed. A key benefit of this approach is that the path optimization can be readily solved using the AMPL and CPLEX optimization software with a Matlab interface. Simulation results in a cuboid room show that the framework of MILP is suited for path planning and obstacle avoidance problems for the climbing robot in 3D building environments.
Dynamic response analysis of water dropping for firefighting aircraft
Luo Linyin, Lü Jihang
2013, (6): 798-802.
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A mass of water dropping for a time of large firefighting aircraft can produce dynamic response problem in flight. The variational process of water quality was deduced by applying hydromechanical simulation of fenestral outflow.Considering rigid-body modes and elastic modes, dynamic response analysis of water dropping for a firefighting aircraft was presented by applying minimum-state approximation formula of unsteady aerodynamics, in which the results of trim analysis were defined as the initial conditions. And the dynamic response characteristic of high pitch angle in exit flight was studied when the pilot input command was defined by elector deflection angle, in which the flying gesture after water dropping was the initial condition. Results show that flying gesture and loads of firefighting aircraft are slightly changed continuously, but they are changed obviously when in climbing exit flight with high angle. It provides future reference for the structural design and the pilot input command of large firefighting aircraft.
Multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization method for air powered engine
Xu Qiyue, Cai Maolin, Yu Qihui, Fu Xiangheng
2013, (6): 803-807.
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Designing of air powered engine concerns the impact on performance optimization by multi-parameter coupling, and it is complicated to establish the comprehensive evaluation function for multiple performance indicators such as ideal power and efficiency. Therefore the orthogonal design was carried out taking injection pressure, several controlling parameters of valve as design variables. The optimal parameter combination for the expected indicators was obtained using grey relation analysis. In accordance with parameter-indicator trends, parameters- ranges were adjusted and through finite calculation loop the best design parameter combination was obtained. The algorithm in which the number of design parameters and performance indicators is multipliable was verified to be fast and effective. A theoretical basis for air powered engine-s design and experiment was formed.
Knowledge-driven rapid design on aircraft wing structure
Tang Jiapeng, Xi Ping, Hu Bifu, Xu Jinfeng
2013, (6): 808-812.
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In order to improve the quality and efficiency of aircraft wing structure in the preliminary design stage, modeling process of aircraft wing structure was studied. The coordinate of the structure layout and component location parameters rules were defined. Rapid modeling method of wing structure based on the template was represented. The appropriate parametric tool which can meet the development requirements of the wing structure was selected and rapid design system of knowledge-driven aircraft wing structure was developed. Knowledge of design methods, rules and expert experience was encapsulated into a template. Automatic layout of the wing structure was achieved and a layout model was generated. Solid modeling was processed separately according to the different generation logics of layout model. Parametric modeling of the geometric characteristics of the body through user-defined features (UDF) technology was accomplished and automatically instantiated on the basis of the layout model. Finally, aircraft wing box structure example was given to demonstrate that the method is feasible and effective.
Multi-indexes robust fault detection of aircraft networked control systems
Niu Erzhuo, Wang Qing, Wang Mingming, Dong Chaoyang
2013, (6): 813-817.
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The problem of multi-indexes robust fault detection was investigated for aircraft networked control systems with short Markov delays and partially known transition probabilities. The conventional fault detection method for Markovian jump systems sees fault, input and disturbance as a generalized input, and then a H∞ index was considered for fault detection filter design. The index has not an explicit physical meaning, so the multi-indexes fault detection filter design method should be studied. The aircraft networked control systems was modeled as discrete, finite-state Markovian jump systems by describing networked induced delays as a finite-state Markov chain. Considering the sensitivity to fault and the robustness against disturbances and inputs on residual, the solvable condition of the multi-indexes fault detection filter and further the solutions were derived by using the linear matrix inequality techniques. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method were illustrated by a numerical example.
Cross calibration of CCD cameras in HJ satellite based on the image simulation
Gong Hui, Tian Guoliang, Yu Tao, Gu Xingfa
2013, (6): 818-822.
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As to two CCD cameras in the same HJ-1 satellite, a new cross calibration method was proposed based on image simulation. Through the method, un-calibrated CCD without obtaining the image of a target was cross-calibrated by calibrated CCD covering the target by analyzing the mathematical relation of digital counts between two CCD cameras. The calibration coefficients of A2CCD and B2CCD in October 2008 were achieved with the method and validated by using field experiment data of Gongger test site and MODIS data of Dunhuang test site. Principal error sources of the method were analyzed. The results show that the method has high precision and reliability. This method can increase the frequency of calibration besides ensuring the precision of the calibration.
Accelerated model for network reliability for M/M/1 model
Li Ruiying, Kang Rui, Huang Ning
2013, (6): 823-828.
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Testing is a very important way to identify network reliability. However, the mission cycle of networks is usually long. In order to expose network transmission delay failure effectively, reliability testing time is often several times of its mission cycle, otherwise it will bring the problem of both sample size too small and confidence too low. In order to solve this problem, the delay failure mechanism for M/M/1 queuing model was analyzed, the reliability similar criteria was derived based on similarity theory, and the accelerated model was established. This accelerated model was verified based on OPNET simulation platform, and the application method when data arriving intensity changes and does not change was described respectively. The results show that the reliability error for original network under normal stress and similar network under short-term high stress is very small, and the effectiveness of the accelerated model does not change with the failure threshold and stress increase times.
Automatic dimensioning for 3D model of shaft-like parts
Wang Bo, Zheng Guolei, Duan Lihua
2013, (6): 829-834.
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An automatic dimensioning algorithm was presented in order to solve the problem that automatic dimensioning could not reflect the design intent, which was due to the exclusive consideration on the geometry of the products, as well as the ignorance of the functional properties. Firstly, the dimensioning datum set was generated according to the products’ function. Secondly, the rules were set upto determine the dimensioning priorities for axial dimensions, with which the axial dimension set was constructed, and then the dimension redundancy was eliminated based on the graph theory. Thirdly, the radial dimension set was generated, and the redundant dimensions were removed by means of dimension-redundancy theory. Finally, an example was given to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the approach.
Application of low speed opto-electronic tracking systems based on sliding mode distutbance observer
Ren Yan, Liu Zhenghua, Zhou Rui
2013, (6): 835-840.
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Based on the influence of nonlinear factors on the low-speed performance of opto-electronic tracking servo systems, the system design was divided into two parts. All disturbance was equivalent to an equivalent input disturbance (EID) existed on the control input channel. A sliding mode disturbance observer (SDOB) was put up to observe the system state for the nominal mode. By using the state observe error to estimate EID and derived the stable convergence conditions of this observer by Lyapunov function. By designing the gain matrix and the feedback matrix, the convergence velocity of the observer was adjusted, and suppression of disturbance was realized. An adaptive acceleration controller was employed in the known dynamic part of the system, which compensates the underestimation of the disturbance further, ensures the accuracy and stability of the dynamic tracking system, and improves the adaptive robustness of the control system. Simulation and experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Energy-efficient uplink training for downlink multi-antenna transmission
Liu Xin, Han Shengqian, Xu Zhikun, Yang Chenyang
2013, (6): 841-846.
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The design of uplink training aimed at maximizing the energy efficiency (EE) for time division duplex (TDD) multi-antenna systems was investigated. It was proved that when the channel estimation errors are taken into account, both the upper bounds of EE and spectrum efficiency (SE) are concave functions of the uplink training length, based on which the impacts of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and circuit power consumption on the optimal training length were analyzed. Analytical and simulation results show that the EE-oriented optimization reduces to the SE-oriented optimization at high SNR regime. Yet in general scenarios, a longer training signal is necessary to maximize EE compared to that maximizing SE.
Wavelet multi resolutionweight correlationimage fusion method
Yuan Xiaodong, Li Chao, Sheng Hao
2013, (6): 847-852.
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An image fusion method which based on wavelet multi resolution of weight correlation was introduced for the fusion of multispectral image and panchromatic image. On basis of wavelet decomposition for original image, the method fused the high and low weights image with different fusing rules, and the final fused image was obtained by taking inverse wavelet transform. The low frequencies were fused by weighted calculating with the coefficient of local correlation, and a certain constraints for the high frequencies were defined, so that part of the strong correlation between strengthened, and the weak part preserved. In the end, the experiment indicates its advantage to preserve spectra information and improve spatial resolution by comparing the correlative coefficient and the spectral distortion with several typical image fusion methods. The effect of fusion for different threshold value of T was also analyzed by experiment, so that appropriate value can be set to adapt different scene.

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